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  • 51.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA-system vid sekelskiftet 1900: en djärv "miljö"-satsning i en tid av teknisk och vetenskaplig omdaning2007Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I rapporten studeras uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA-system vid sekelskiftet 1900. Diskussioner om ett eventuellt upprättande av ett avloppsnät uppstod i Luleå under 1880-talet. Vattenledningsfrågan tog inte vid förrän under andra halvan av 1890-talet. Beslut togs i Luleå stadsfullmäktige 1904 om att upprätta näten och på senhösten 1906 fanns de på plats. Detta var förhållandevis sent med svenska mått mätt. Flertalet svenska städer uppförde VA-system under 1800-talets två sista och 1900-talets första decennium (samtida med amerikanska städer). Att speciellt frågan om ett vattenledningsnät dröjde i Luleå torde bero på stadens gynnsamma läge sett ur ett vattentillgångsperspektiv (staden omgärdades av Lule älv). Trots att staden utsattes för en förödande brand så sent som 1887 utgjorde inte önskan om att uppnå högre brandsäkerhet med ett uppbyggt vattenledningsnät och tillhörande brandposter någon stark drivkraft till uppförandet av ett vattenledningsnät i Luleå till skillnad från i många andra städer. Det var brister i avfallshanteringen, inte minst i bortfraktandet av slask och latrin ur staden, såväl som dräneringsproblem på gator och gårdar, som utgjorde drivkrafter bakom uppförandet av ett avloppsnät. Utgångspunkten för rapporten är att vi genom historiska studier av tekniska system kan utöka vår förståelse för systemens inre dynamik, vilket i sin tur är till hjälp i utvecklandet av miljöpolitik som vill påverka systemen i en mer hållbar riktning. Genom att analysera uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA- system vid sekelskiftet 1900 erhåller vi kunskap om sammansättningen på, samt funktionen av, de tekniska system (vatten och avlopp) som bl.a. bidrar med miljöproblem i form av dagvattenutsläpp i Luleälven såväl som inverkar på möjligheten att mer hållbart hantera dem. Vilken inverkan hade vetenskaplig och teknisk utveckling på systemens utformning? I vilken mån påverkade idéer om hållbarhet utformningen av systemet? Vilka grundläggande lärdomar kan vi dra av detta i utformandet av en hållbar miljöpolitik idag? Dessa utgör de centrala frågeställningarna i föreliggande rapport. Det visar sig att planeringen och uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA-system vid sekelskiftet 1900 skedde i en tid av teknisk och vetenskaplig omdaning. Bland annat växte den bakteriologiska vetenskapen fram och ersatte tidigare smittospridningsteorier, vilket kom att få en direkt inverkan på utformningen av Luleås VA-system. Denna utveckling speglar betydelsen av att Luleå stad hade tillgång till en teknisk expertis som utöver att förmedla kunskaper om vedertagen teknik på VA-området också i vissa fall förmedlade nyaste utveckling inom näraliggande tekniska och vetenskapliga områden. Överhuvudtaget speglar Luleåfallet mycket tydligt den centrala roll som expertkunskap spelar vid stora beslut kring tekniska system. Vid uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA-system fanns en väldigt nära koppling mellan nya vetenskapliga och tekniska rön och de beslut man tog (informationsvägen var kort). Idag finns expertisen i infrasystemfrågor i stor utsträckning i den administrativa apparat som vuxit upp kring dem, och som bidragit till att infrasystemen kommit att besitta en allt större inre spårbundenhet i takt med att den administrativa apparaten vuxit (fler och fler tjänstemän och experter som har ett egenintresse i att bevara systemen). Samtidigt har systemen politiseras, dvs. de har blivit mer av en kommunal fråga än ett ingenjörsproblem. Att genomföra radikala förändringar under sådana förhållanden är i regel politiskt svårt.

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  • 52.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Uppbyggnaden av Luleås VA-system vid sekelskiftet 1900: en miljöfråga?2007In: Norrbotten: Årsbok 2007, Luleå: Norrbottens hembygdsförbund , 2007, p. 84-101Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 53.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    When infrastructure-related risk-taking moves from the local to the national level: the planning and construction of centralized water and sewer systems in two municipalities in northern Sweden 1900-19502012Report (Other academic)
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  • 54.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Örebroarna och pappersbruket: föroreningsmotstånd för hundra år sedan2002In: Människor, hälsa, miljö: föredrag hålla på filosofiska fakultetens dag 6 oktober 2001, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2002, p. 65-77Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 55.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Bennerhag, Carina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Reflections Over an Arctic Research Process and the Importance of the Local PlaceManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    While reflecting over a defined research process, the place for our scholarly deed and focusarea, Arctic Sweden, emerge as an influencing factor so strong it made us deviate in a majorway from our planned research path at several times. It was partly about us having to relate toliterature dealing with our place/region marked by persistent center/periphery perspectives,where our 2200-year-old findings of advanced iron technology in the hands of ancient arctichunter-gatherers were totally at odds. The research process was also influenced by the place interms of its legacies of (and partly continued) marginalization (in relation to the rest of Sweden)and large-scale and long-term national (to part also international) exploitation of its naturalresources, which not least affect/ed the indigenous Sami and other minorities of the region.Today, the minorities’ quest for recognition is expressed in strong ethnopolitical currentsincluding, not least, ambitions to re-write history/fill the gaps in history writing, meaningchallenging expectations can emerge of historians/archaeologists. Groups striving forrecognition is a global postcolonial phenomenon, and we discuss consequences arising fromthis for the individual historian and for history writing. We also give examples of fruitfulinterdisciplinary ways out when literature has (too) little to contribute to the interpretation ofyour findings.

  • 56.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Berglund, Christer
    Hushållens konsumtionsmönster under femtio år: statlig inverkan och de strukturella kontexterna2009In: Hållbara hushåll: Miljöpolitik och ekologisk hållbarhet i vardagen : Slutrapport till Naturvårdsverket från forskningsprogrammet SHARP, Stockholm: Naturvårdsverket, 2009, p. 28-32Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 57.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå universitet.
    Firm collaboration and environmental adaptation: the case of the Swedish pulp- and paper industry 1900-19902012In: Scandinavian Economic History Review, ISSN 0358-5522, E-ISSN 1750-2837, Vol. 60, no 2, p. 183-211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article addresses the importance of research and development (R&D) collaboration for environmental adaptation in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. It reviews the collaborative efforts initiated during the first half of the twentieth century, and investigates in particular how these efforts were influenced by the advent of modern environmental legislation in the late 1960s. We find that during the early period the underlying motives for environmental R&D collaboration were related to the presence of local resistance to pollution, over time turning into increased requirements from tightening environmental regulation. When the Swedish Environmental Protection Act was implemented in 1969, the long-lasting tradition of collaborative R&D activities facilitated the development and the adaptation of cleaner technologies in the sector. The article concludes that in the case of the Swedish pulp and paper industry, the significant environmental improvements witnessed during the 1960s and onwards can only be fully comprehended by acknowledging the role of the industry-wide collaborative activities in R&D. The positive outcomes of this collaboration were in turn reinforced by an environmental regulation system, which facilitated long-term investments in environmental R&D and, in contrast to their Finnish and American counterparts, encouraged internal process changes in the industry.

  • 58.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå universitet.
    Greening of business: The case of Domsjö Pulp Mill 1970-19902013Report (Other academic)
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  • 59.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå universitet.
    Growing green and competitive: a case study of a Swedish pulp mill2013In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 1789-1805Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The experiences of past efforts of industrial pollution control while maintaining competitiveness should be of great value to research and policy practice addressing sustainability issues today. In this article, we analyze the environmental adaptation of the Swedish pulp industry during the period 1970–1990 as illustrated by the sulfite pulp producer Domsjö mill. We investigate how this company managed to adapt to heavy transformation pressure from increasing international competition in combination with strict national environmental regulations during the 1960s to the early 1990s. In line with the so-called Porter hypothesis, the company was able to coordinate the problems that were environmental in nature with activities aiming at production efficiency goals and the development of new products. Swedish environmental agencies and legislation facilitated this “win-win” situation by a flexible but still challenging regulatory approach towards the company. From the early 1990s and onwards, the greening of the pulp industry was also a result of increased market pressure for green paper products.

  • 60.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå universitet.
    Miljöforskning i Statens och Industrins tjänst: Institutet för Vatten och Luftvårdsfrågor2010In: Teknik- och Vetenskapshistoriska dagar 10‒12 november 2010, Lindholmen Science Park: Program, Göteborg, 2010, p. 14-15Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 61.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Ekonomisk historia, Umeå universitet.
    Miljöforskning i statens och industrins tjänst: Institutet för Vatten och Luftvårdsfrågor (IVL) 1960-tal till 1980-tal2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 1963, two industrialists visited the government office for a meeting with the minister of finance. Their purpose was to present an outline of a new research institute focusing on industrial air- and water pollution problems. Their proposal was based on a joint financed institute, were the government and industry contributed to equal shares. Additionally, they proposed a formation of a business company closely tied to the institute and with the purpose to provide services to industry on environmental issues. Thus, in 1966, the Institute of Water and Air Protection (IVL) was established and became the first institute in Sweden focusing on industrial environmental problems. At the same time the business company, IVL AB, was formed. Due to the collaborative form of organisation – including representation of all core industries and the environmental authorities – the IVL organisation came to be unique also from an international perspective. In this paper we explore the driving forces behind the formation of IVL and IVLAB and their contribution to/function in the environmental adaptation of the Swedish industry from the 1960s to the 80s. We specifically focus on the direction of research activities since this should be particularly informative in terms of contribution and function. Moreover, we believe it reflects what the government and industry jointly defined as priority areas of concern. We find that IVL came to constitute an important basis for knowledge generation and diffusion within the Swedish environmental system, foremost during the 1960s and the 1970s. IVL contributed to the environmental adaptation of the Swedish industry essentially through applied research on the environmental effects of emissions. However, also technical measures to combat pollution problems became important. The assignments of the business company, IVLAB, were mostly focused on mapping the emissions from industrial plants, i.e. identifying discharges and their effects in the recipients. Here, the development works of IVL on the standardisation of methods of analysis and measurement instruments constituted important prerequisites. The knowledge mobilized within IVL and IVLAB on industrial air- and water pollution matters also became important to the environmental authorities in their decision making process. Generated information concerning levels and effects of discharges formed in turn an important basis in the formulating of individual emission permits for single plants. The procedure of individual permits was in turn regulated by the Environmental Protection Act, implemented in 1969). An adequate knowledge basis can in this regard be seen as a guarantee for the prioritizing of intervention-efforts where needs were greatest. Besides knowledge on the pollution problems related to the manufacturing industry, IVL obtained a role as national, and to a certain degree, international expert organisation with general competence in the environmental field. IVL competence on effects of oil spill and mercury was for example wanted outside the country. IVL services were further demanded by international organisations, such as WHO and UNESCO in the 1970s. The role and the form of IVL and IVLAB, however, came to change in the beginning of the 1980s. Now IVLAB was sold to the competing company ÅF and the research institute IVL was converted from a foundation into a company. We believe that the organizational changes reflected changing needs of industry (and of society at large) what concerns the functions of IVL and IVLAB. Much of the rough mapping- and clean-up work had been done at this time and the previous services of IVL and IVLAB had become routine work, increasingly handled by the companies themselves. And had the general "social climate" changed so that it was no longer as natural to cooperate on environmental issues?

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  • 62.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå universitet.
    R&D collaboration and environmental adaptation: a pilot study of the Swedish pulp- and paper industry 1900-19902010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with the importance of inter-firm and state-firm cooperation for environmental adaptation in the Swedish pulp and paper industry during the period 1900-1990. By sharing similar pollution problems, the industry pooled resources to collective R&D activities and could thereby share cost and the economic risks related to environmental adaptation. We conclude that the environmental issue has been a strong driver for industrial renewing in the Swedish pulp and paper industry since the 1960s. The long tradition of collective environmental R&D activities, which stared already at the beginning of the 20th century, facilitated the development and adaptation of cleaner technologies in the sector from the 1960s and onwards. Our findings suggest that environmental policies that support collaborative R&D activities might facilitate innovation processes of cleaner technologies and the speed of their diffusion.

  • 63.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå University, Department of Geography and Economic History.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    The transition to chlorine free pulp revisited: Nordic heterogeneity in environmental regulation and R&D collaboration2017In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 165, p. 1328-1339Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development paths leading to the transition to cleaner bleaching technologies in the pulp industry. It devotes particular attention to the key features of the Swedish transition, but also compares this to the Finnish experiences. The empirical investigation builds on an analytical framework highlighting the conditions under which pollution regulations can provide efficient incentives for deep emission reductions at industrial plants. Existing and new archive material, including not least comprehensive license trial acts for Swedish pulp mills over an extended time period, are studied. Based on this historical analysis our findings contradict previous literature, the latter emphasizing that pressures from consumers and the public were the most significant driving forces behind the adoption of–and innovation in–alternative bleaching technologies during the late 1980s. Instead, this paper asserts, the green pulp transition was characterized by regulation-induced technological change and was made possible by long history of industry-wide cooperation in environmental R&D. Furthermore, while previous research has emphasized the leading role of the Nordic countries in green pulp innovation, we identify a number of profound differences between Finland and Sweden. These emerge from various national contexts in terms of, for instance, industry structures and strategies, political cultures, and regulatory styles. Finally, at a more general level the paper provides a few policy implications for supporting the ongoing transition towards a forest-based bioeconomy

  • 64.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Lindmark, Magnus
    Industrins miljökrav rimliga2011In: Norrbottenskuriren, ISSN 1103-9760Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 65.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Elenius, Lars
    Samhällsförändrarna: livsmönster, idéer och teknisk förändring2007Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 66.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Larsson, Linus
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Managing the 1970s energy crises in a state-owned mining company: strategies pursued by the Swedish iron ore producer LKAB2018In: Mineral Economics, ISSN 2191-2203, E-ISSN 2191-2211, Vol. 31, no 1-2, p. 179-190Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we analyze the strategies adopted by the Swedish state-owned iron ore mining producer LKAB in response to the 1970s energy crises, i.e., soaring energy input expenses in combination with stagnating demand for iron ore. The analysis builds on a unique empirical material, e.g., minutes from board meetings, over an extended time period. This permits in-depth analyses of the two main strategies pursued by LKAB at the time: (a) securing energy supplies (as well as output sales) through upstream investments in uranium and coal mining; and (b) engaging in own R&D to enable energy-saving measures and product development. While the LKAB experiences tend to support the notion that investments supporting broader societal goals, although at the expense of firm productivity, may be likely in the presence of strong state government involvement, they also show that state-owned mineral enterprises can be highly innovative and competitive following investments in internal R&D. Specifically, LKAB’s R&D contributed to significant product development and energy savings, the latter occurring both in the company’s own pelletizing process as well as in the processes of key customers (i.e., the steel companies). The paper concludes by highlighting a number of important lessons for contemporary energy transitions in the process industries.

  • 67.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Rönnbäck, Josefin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Women’s cross-party collaboration in the Swedish parliament in the early 1990s: Politics on gender equality?2013Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 68.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Industrial Energy Transitions and the Dynamics of Innovation Systems: The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry, 1970–20102020In: Environments, E-ISSN 2076-3298, Vol. 7, no 9, article id 70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article provides a sectoral innovation system perspective of the development of energy efficient and clean process technologies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Specifically, the analysis elaborates the importance of knowledge development, actor networks, and institutions (including policy) for progressing and diffusing novel technologies related to energy use. The empirical analysis also sheds light on how significant changes in the sectoral innovation system have influenced the relevant research, development and demonstration activities in the Swedish pulp and paper industry over the period 1970–2010. The results are based on various sources—e.g., industry magazines, reports from industrial consultants and associations, minutes from meetings—and illustrate the importance of well-functioning innovation systems for successful technological development and diffusion processes. They display, in particular, the importance of joint, industry-wide R&D activities, trust-based state—industry relationships, government R&D expenditures, and intense information sharing. One important implication is that the role of policy stretches beyond the funding of basic R&D. Policy also involves measures that strengthen existing actor networks, build competence, and secure the existence of research institutes that provide a bridge between basic knowledge generation (at the universities) on the one hand, and industrial application on the other.

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  • 69.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Scientific controversies as a source of environmental information: the case of sulphate odour from a Swedish paper mill in the early 20th century2002In: Environmental communication in the information society: proceedings of the 16th International Conference Informatics for Environmental Protection, September 25 - 27, 2002, University of Technology, Vienna, Austria / [ed] Werner Pillmann, International Society for Environmental Protection , 2002, p. 279-286Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 70.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Simon
    Sundin, Timmy
    Miljöprövningens roll för industrins utsläppsreduktion: erfarenheter från svenska pappers- och massabruk, 1981–20132019In: Miljörätten och den förhandlingsovilliga naturen: Vänbok till Gabriel Michanek / [ed] Jan Darpö, Maria Forsberg, Maria Pettersson, och Charlotta Zetterberg, Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 2019, p. 355-374Chapter in book (Refereed)
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    Kapitel
  • 71.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Helenius, Heidi
    University of Lapland, Rovaniemi.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Viklund, Roine
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Masloboev, Vladimir
    Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems in the North, Kola Science Center.
    Mingaleva, Tatiana
    Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems in the North, Kola Science Center.
    Petrov, Viktor
    Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems in the North, Kola Science Center.
    Environmental Regulation and Competitiveness in the Mining Industry: Permitting Processes in Finland, Sweden and Russia2015In: Resources policy, ISSN 0301-4207, E-ISSN 1873-7641, Vol. 43, p. 130-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates to what extent and under what circumstances environmental regulation can be designed and implemented to jointly achieve positive environmental outcomes and sustained competitive strength in the mining industry. First the paper provides a conceptual analysis of the impacts of environmental regulations on mining competitiveness, including a discussion of how the environmental-competitiveness trade-off can be affected by various regulatory design and implementation strategies. Methodologically we distinguish between the flexibility, predictability and stringency of the regulations, and in a second step these analytical concepts are illustrated in the empirical context of the environmental permitting processes in Finland, Sweden and Russia. An important result is that in these countries there has been a lack of timeliness and predictability in the environmental regulations (e.g., uncertainty about the interpretation of the legislation, delays due to appeals etc.). These problems can in part be addressed by, for instance: (a) allocating more resources to the regulatory authorities; (b) establishing more consensus-based regulatory interactions between the mining industry and the authorities; and (c) introducing more standardized procedures and road maps for environmental impact assessments, permit applications and not the least for how to interpret specific legal rules in the context of mining.

  • 72.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Svahn, Nanna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wiklund, Roine
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Helenius, Heidi
    Environmental Regulation and Mining Sector Competitiveness2014Report (Refereed)
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  • 73.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Vidal, Brenda
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Herrmann, Inga
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Flexible and Resource-Recovery Sanitation Solutions: What Hindered Their Implementation? A 40-Year Swedish Perspective2023In: The Journal of urban technology, ISSN 1063-0732, E-ISSN 1466-1853, Vol. 30, no 1, p. 23-45Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although Sweden pioneered in the development of resource-recovery sanitation solutions, and there has existed a political awareness of such solutions since the 1990s, their implementation has been slow. We adopt a historical (40-year) perspective and use the main journal of the Swedish sanitation sector as source material to go into depth why this has been the case. Central explanations emerge in terms of previously strong governmental control and continuously tightened environmental requirements that ceaselessly have expanded and strengthened the large-scale centralized sanitation system. In parallel, the sector has continuously been reminded of the shortcomings of alternative (and smaller) solutions and of the tension between recovery and treatment/risk management. The study highlights the possibility of achieving long-term and profound impacts from policy mixes, as well as the strong influence of the sum of challenges and choices over a long time, on today’s perspectives and propensity for change.

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  • 74.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Viklund, Roine
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Policy and Business Efforts for the Reduced Impact of Mining on Nature: When Historical Studies Have Something to Offer Policy Makers2019In: Technology and culture, ISSN 0040-165X, E-ISSN 1097-3729, Vol. 60, no 1, p. 192-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, we study the interaction of nature and technology in terms of policy and business activities in Sweden during the 1970s and 1980s. These activities aimed to reduce the impact of the mining industry on the natural environment while maintaining industrial competitiveness. In order to address this challenge, it was and still is important to identify ways that businesses can promote sustainable development without hazarding their continued operations and investments. Here, the design and implementation of environmental regulations are of central importance. This study relies on a rich set of documents related to 1970s and 1980s environmental licensing processes of the operations of the two largest mining companies in Sweden, Boliden AB and LKAB, both situated close to the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden. Historians have much to offer policymakers, and this article demonstrates that good examples that permit us to reflect on future pathways for policy design can not only be found in other countries' current policy, but also further back in time.

  • 75.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wihlborg, Elin
    Linköpings universitet.
    Policy for sociotechnical transition: Implications from Swedish historical case studies2015In: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, ISSN 1523-908X, E-ISSN 1522-7200, Vol. 17, no 4, p. 452-474Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we analyse past sociotechnical transitions, and based on that we discuss the prospects for the central state in promoting radical transitions towards improved sustainability today. The case studies include the sociotechnical systems in Sweden providing for: (a) urban housing; (b) passenger cars as a favoured mode of transport; and (c) piped water/wastewater, all fundamentally transformed over the first seven decades of the twentieth century and especially in the 1940s up until the 1960s. The core lesson from the case studies is that the central state, by taking an active role and by coordinating the roles of different stakeholders, values and knowledge as well as different policy areas and instruments, can accomplish a coherent and effective management of such transition processes. Also in contemporary network governance settings the central state is well suited to accomplish such an active and coordinative role based on its legitimate power to design and implement different public policy instruments.

  • 76.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wihlborg, Elin
    Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Political Science, Linköping University.
    Striving for Sustainable Development and the Coordinating Role of the Central Government: Lessons from Swedish Housing Policy2016In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 8, no 8, article id 827Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Housing plays an important role in the development of welfare policies and also often in achieving sustainability goals. There exists, however, implementation gaps between policies and practices in urban development and housing. Here it should be possible to draw lessons from policy implementations in the past. In this article we explore the strategies of the Swedish central government in implementing a social housing policy in the mid-20th century. The policy was successfully implemented in that it resulted in the rapid expansion and modernisation of the Swedish apartment stock in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and acute housingshortages and poor housing standards were overcome. The main lesson learned from the Swedish case study is the critical role of the central government in implementation throughthe strategic coordination of policy aims, instruments, stakeholders and interests throughout the implementation process. Although the central government could have used hard, almost authoritarian policy instruments to force the realisation of the new policy, it mainly used soft policy tools and focused on coordination. In the contemporary networked governance setting, the central government, like no other player, still has the potential to guide and coordinate implementation processes for the realization of sustainable housing visions.

  • 77.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wihlborg, Elin
    Linköpings universitet.
    When citizen movements redirect focus from the process to the object of planning: A case study of the on-going major urban transformation of the mining town Kiruna, Sweden. Short paper for the: 2013 Transatlantic Policy Consortium2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 78.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wiklund, Roine
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Infrastructural systems and technical change: Learning from the establishment of a water- and wastewater system and the electrification of a railway line in a Nordic climate at the turn of the 19th century2012In: ICON, ISSN 1361-8113, Vol. 15, p. 81-107Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 79.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wiklund, Roine
    Large infrastructural systems in the extreme north: learning from the build-up of water- and wastewater systems and railway electrification in northern Sweden at the turn of the 19th century2009Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Infrastructural systems delivering gas, water and electricity, facilitating transports and communications as well as the gathering and treatment of sewage, have been critical in the development of modern society during the 19th and 20th centuries. They have largely contributed to economic and social welfare, but have also caused considerable environmental impacts over time. Contemporary strategies towards a more sustainable society therefore often include changes in existing infrastructural systems as well as conscious choices when it comes to the investment in new infrastructural systems. The present paper builds on the assertion that expanded knowledge on how, why and with what consequences the infrastructural systems were built up in the past, can provide us with novel perspectives on how to govern the challenges of today.In this paper we study the building-up of two infrastructural systems in the northernmost part of Sweden at the turn of the 19th century, where the harsh climate added an extra dimension to the technological challenges. The systems are: (a) the water- and wastewater system of the town of Luleå, then, the northernmost water- and wastewater system in Sweden and probably in the world; and (b) the electrification of Riksgränsbanan Railway (the Frontier Railway), the northernmost railway line in Sweden and the first major section of a state-owned railway to be electrified. The investments made by the municipality of Luleå and the Swedish State Railways (in close cooperation with a number of private companies), were both bold and radical in that relevant technologies still were in a ‘development stage'. Moreover, the harsh and cold climate due to the geographical location added an extra dimension to the technological challenges. The municipality in particular, but also the Swedish State Railways and connected private companies, lacked the necessary in-house expertise. The technological challenges were however dealt with in considerable different ways by the local and the national organization, respectively. Water- and wastewater systems had never before been constructed in the extreme north. Furthermore, considerable achievements within the bacteriology and hydrology fields did contribute to a continued significant development of the water/wastewater technology still at the turn of the 19th century. The municipality needed to rely on external expertise and its ability to get hold of new scientific knowledge and apply this in the system design. What concerns the electrification of the Riksgränsbanan Railway, it was in many ways a trailblazing project where whole new technologies had to be developed and launched on a rather troublesome railway in close cooperation between the Swedish State Railways and a number of private, mainly Swedish companies. Just as radical as the investments in the infrastructural systems were for the municipality of Luleå and the Swedish State Railways at the turn of the 19th century, modern literature claims the necessary changes of our established infrastructures to be if we want them to become sustainable. The historical lessons of the meanings of the radical changes in the former shift of technology models will give new perspectives on how to govern contemporary changes.

  • 80.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Umeå University.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Miljölagstiftningen och industrins framtida konkurrenskraft: Lärdomar från 50 år av tillståndsprövningar2022Report (Other academic)
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  • 81.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Unit of Economic History, Centre for Environmental and Resource Economics (CERE), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    The political economy of industrial pollution control: environmental regulation in Swedish industry for five decades2022In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, ISSN 0964-0568, E-ISSN 1360-0559, Vol. 65, no 6, p. 1056-1087Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper analyzes the prerequisites for a regulatory-driven transition toward radically lower air and water pollution in industry. This is achieved in the empirical context of the Swedish mining and metals industry, and by investigating the environmental licensing processes during two regulatory systems. The paper derives an analytical framework that explores under what circumstances such licensing processes can result in radical emissions reductions without seriously jeopardizing the competitiveness of the industry. Archived material covering six environmental licensing processes, three during each system, is used to illustrate the various design and implementation issues. The results suggest that regulatory-driven green transitions benefit from trust-based bargaining procedures in which companies are involved in repeated interactions with regulatory authorities, and which extended probation periods permit tests of novel abatement technologies (including innovation). The findings also illustrate the importance of abstaining from simplified normative notions about policy instrument choice (e.g. taxes versus standards).

  • 82.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Bergquist, Ann-Kristin
    Unit of Economic History, Centre for Environmental and Resource Economics (CERE), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges2019In: Current Forestry Reports, ISSN 2198-6436, Vol. 5, p. 185-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose of Review

    In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments.

    Recent Findings

    Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed—and implemented—in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry.

    Summary

    Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.

  • 83.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Michanek, Gabriel
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Tillståndsprocesser och planering för ny elproduktion: Sverige i ett internationellt perspektiv2009Report (Other academic)
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  • 84.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Miljöprövning och konkurrenskraft i gruvindustrin: Lärdomar från Sverige, Finland, Australien och Kanada2016Report (Refereed)
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  • 85.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Social Sciences.
    Voluntary agreements and systemic lock-in in the circular economy: The certification of sewage sludge in Sweden2024In: Circular and Transformative Economy: Advances towards Sustainable Socio-economic Transformation / [ed] Luxon Nhamo; Sylvester Mpandeli; Stanley Liphadzi; Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Taylor & Francis, 2024, p. 9-28Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter departs from the dual objective of reusing waste while at the same time mitigating pollution; it focuses on the opportunities and challenges of managing this trade-off through voluntary agreements between various actors. The chapter aims to investigate and discuss the emergence, outcomes, and future challenges of the Swedish voluntary certification scheme REVAQ. This scheme includes efforts among wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to build trust for the application of sewage sludge on agricultural land and thus reuse the nutrients contained in it, not least by reducing the presence of metals and organic substances. Our findings suggest that the establishment of REVAQ was, in many ways, a natural response of the incumbent actors to an uncertain regulatory situation. The preventive environmental work pursued because of the certification scheme has been successful, thus resulting in decreased flows of hazardous substances to soil. However, REVAQ faces challenges, largely due to previously unattended trace elements, e.g., microplastics and pharmaceutical residues. These will make it difficult for actors to convince the key stakeholders about the future quality of the sewage sludge. There is also currently a prioritization of system optimization over system change, i.e., a bias towards incremental improvements in the existing system instead of seeking to innovate beyond this system. REVAQ likely contributes to this path dependence and technological lock-in.

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  • 86.
    Wihlborg, Elin
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Great visions, but who is holding the rudder?: To design the model city Kiruna again. Short paper for the: 2013 Transatlantic Policy Consortium2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 87.
    Wihlborg, Elin
    et al.
    Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University.
    Söderholm, Kristina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Mediators in action: Organizing sociotechnical system change2013In: Technology in society, ISSN 0160-791X, E-ISSN 1879-3274, Vol. 35, no 4, p. 267-275Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To extend and deepen the roles of mediators in relation to sociotechnical change, this article first suggested an analytical approach which thereafter was used for analysing two cases illustrating two Swedish mediating organizations in different sectors at different time periods: the half state-/half industry funded Research Institute for Water and Air Protection, IVL, in the 1960s and 70s; and the Swedish Urban Network Association, SUNA, in the early years of the 21st century. We found that the associated sociotechnical systems changed through the actions of mediators and their organization of time-spatial specific settings. The mediator concept contributed to our understanding of these changes through a number of visible processes of translating rather than transferring specific knowledge, by functioning as a single entrance to knowledge, by supporting the selection processes, and sometimes by bridging knowledge in unforeseen ways. Overall, the mediating actors took on roles to promote the system and encouraged actors within the system to connect and develop both the system as such.

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