Changes in stormwater, snowmelt and copper roof runoff quality on circulation through seven different pipe materials (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), glassliner (GL), feltliner (FL), galvanized steel (GS), new concrete (NC) and old concrete (OC)) are explored for a range of parameters including total, dissolved and truly dissolved metals. Circulation through all pipe materials led to increases in pH, with levels of other basic physico-chemical parameters relatively unaffected. Both increases and decreases in all Cu, Pb and Zn fractions were observed for PVC, PP, FL and GL pipes whilst circulation through GS increased total, dissolved and truly dissolved Zn. In contrast, circulation through NC and OC led to decreases in all metal fractions (with some exceptions for dissolved and truly dissolved Cu). Overall, results indicate that contact with pipe materials can impact stormwater pollutant concentrations, and thus has implications for achieving compliance with the EU Water Framework Directive.

Urban runoff is an important conveyor of microplastics (MPs) and tyre wear particles (TWP) to receiving waters. However, knowledge of contributions by surfaces within land use type/activities is currently limited. To address this knowledge gap, runoff samples were collected simultaneously during three rainfall events in October and November 2020 at three locations in Luleå, Sweden, with different urban surfaces (parking lot, road and roof). The occurrence of MPs (by number and estimated mass) and TWP (mass) were determined using μ-FTIR and Pyr-GC/MS, respectively. MPs and TWP were found at all sites in all events, with large variations between events and sites. The highest concentrations of MPs (number) and TWP were found in road runoff followed by parking lot runoff and roof runoff. The mass concentrations of MPs did not follow the same pattern and were generally highest at the parking lot, highlighting the importance of reporting data as both mass and particle numbers to derive a complete overview of MPs and TWP behaviour. Polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyester accounted, on average, for 99 % of MP polymers (by mass and number) at all sites with common sources, including traffic (vehicle wear and tear) and littering. MPs in the <75 μm fraction contributed >50 % of the total number of MPs in parking lot runoff, >58 % in roof runoff and > 90 % in road runoff.

A polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was used for stormwater treatment, with the focus on evaluating the increase in the membrane process productivity by adding pulsatile fluid flow to UF membrane treatment. Sedimentation and sieving were used as pre-treatment. The result showed that increasing the pulse frequency from 0 to 4 Hz increased productivity from -6.6 to 82 LMH. UF membrane removed suspended solids, oil and turbidity below detection limit. The UF membrane also separated total coliforms, E. coli and P. aeruginosa below detection limit. Total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced by between 70 and 91%. In addition, the UF membrane was able to reduce BOD7 and COD to below 7 mg/L in the permeate. According to the US EPA, WHO, and national regulations in Canada,  Japan, and South Korea, treated stormwater can be used for flushing toilets and streets irrigation and agricultural use. 

Eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D) were investigated. Three were commercially available package plants (A–C) and one was a conventional sand filter (D). The treatment unit of Type A consisted of a geotextile-fitted trickling filter and a sand filter bottom layer, the Type B consisted of packs of fibrous mineral wool filter materials, and the Type C consisted of a fine-meshed plastic filter. The treatment systems were assessed in terms of their removal efficiency for organic matter (e.g. BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics. Systems A and D effectively reduced organic matter by >96% BOD, >94% COD and >90% TOC. Their effluent BOD was <29 mg/l. The BOD reduction in the treatment facilities of types B and C was in the range of 70–95%. Removal of anionic surfactants was >90% with effluent concentration <1 mg/l in all facilities. In general, the treatment systems were ineffective in removing E. coli and enterococci; the most efficient was the sand filter (type D), achieving 1.4–3.8 log10 for E. coli and 2.3–3.3 log10 for enterococci. Due to the high E. coli in the effluents, all the on-site systems were classified as Poor (score: 0–44) according to the water quality index (WQI) assessment. In two of the studied facilities, nine microplastic polymers were targeted (i.e. PVC, PS, PET, PE, PC, NG, PMMA, PP and PA6) and analyzed using the thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GCMS) technique. PVC, PS, PET and PA6 were commonly detected in the influent and effluent. The effluent quality from type A and D systems was found to comply with the European Commission’s guideline for the reuse of reclaimed water except for the indicator bacteria concentration.

Bioretention systems are designed for quality treatment of stormwater. Particulate contaminants are commonly treated efficiently and accumulate mainly in the surface layer of the bioretention filter material. However, concerns exist that microplastic particles may not show equal accumulation behavior as other sediment particles. So far only two field and two laboratory studies are available on the fate of microplastics in few relatively newly built bioretention systems. Therefore, this study investigated the abundance and distribution of microplastics in nine 7–12 years old stormwater bioretention systems. It was found that microplastics generally accumulate on the surface of bioretention systems. Microplastic median particle concentrations decreased significantly from the surface layer (0–5 cm) of the filter material to the 10–15 cm depth layer from 448 to 136 particles/100 g, respectively. The distance to the inlet did not significantly affect the surface accumulation of microplastic particles, suggesting modest spatial variability in microplastics accumulation in older bioretention systems. Further, this study investigated the polymer composition in bioretention systems. It was shown that PP, EVA, PS and EPDM rubber are the most abundant polymer types in bioretention systems. Also, it was found that large percentages of microplastic particles are black particles (median percentage of black particles: 39%) which were found in 28 of the 33 investigated samples. This underlines the importance of including black particles in microplastic studies on stormwater, which has been overlooked in most previous studies.

The effect of chemical cleaning and regular backwashing on the efficiency of an ultrafiltration membrane fouled during stormwater treatment was studied. Increasing backwash time from 30 to 60 s resulted in an increase in productivity by 20%. However, the productivity was highest when a backwash time of 45 s was used (3% higher than using 60 s). Chemical cleaning was carried out using an alkaline solution (NaOH with or without NaOCl) followed by acid washing with HCl. The addition of NaOCl to the cleaning chemical did not significantly increase the efficiency of chemical cleaning, and the average pure water permeability increase was 97 ± 13 LMH bar−1 after chemical cleaning with NaOH followed by HCl and 117 ± 15 LMH bar−1 after chemical cleaning with NaOH + NaOCl followed by HCl, on average. In addition, reversibility after chemical cleaning was 96 ± 67%, on average. The result from scanning electron microscopy showed that at the end of the experiments, inorganic foulants existed in both the inner layer (feed side) and the outer layer (permeate side) of the membrane.

The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent and effluent greywater from eight on-site greywater treatment systems situated in Södertälje municipality, Sweden. These on-site treatment systems included three types of commercially available package plants and one sand filter. The influent and effluent samples were taken as grab samples between August 2020 and December 2021 and analysed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and (for two of the eight on-site systems) microplastics. Supporting parameters, e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included.

This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the on-site greywater treatment systems and to assess the suitability of the treated water for reuse.

Datasammanställningen som presenteras här innehåller rådata från provtagningar som utfördes vid åtta enskilda anläggningar för behandling av bad-, disk- och tvättvatten (BDT) i Södertälje kommun. Prover togs från tre typer av minireningsverk och en markbädd för BDT rening. Stickprover togs från inkommande och utgående vatten mellan augusti 2020 och december 2021 och analyserades på organisk substans, näringsämnen, indikatorbakterier, anjoniska tensider, salt och (för två av anläggningar) mikroplast. Mätningar på andra parametrar såsom pH och suspenderat material är inkluderade. För mikroplast inkluderas dessutom resultat på blankprover.

Detta dataset har använts för att utvärdera reningseffektiviteten av de enskilda BDT-vattenanläggningarna och för att bedöma om det renade vattnet skulle kunna återanvändas.

The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent and effluent greywater from eight on-site greywater treatment systems situated in Södertälje municipality, Sweden. These on-site treatment systems included three types of commercially available package plants and one sand filter. The influent and effluent samples were taken as grab samples between August 2020 and December 2021 and analysed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and (for two of the eight on-site systems) microplastics. Supporting parameters, e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included.

This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the on-site greywater treatment systems and to assess the suitability of the treated water for reuse.

Datasammanställningen som presenteras här innehåller rådata från provtagningar som utfördes vid åtta enskilda anläggningar för behandling av bad-, disk- och tvättvatten (BDT) i Södertälje kommun. Prover togs från tre typer av minireningsverk och en markbädd för BDT rening. Stickprover togs från inkommande och utgående vatten mellan augusti 2020 och december 2021 och analyserades på organisk substans, näringsämnen, indikatorbakterier, anjoniska tensider, salt och (för två av anläggningar) mikroplast. Mätningar på andra parametrar såsom pH och suspenderat material är inkluderade. För mikroplast inkluderas dessutom resultat på blankprover.

Detta dataset har använts för att utvärdera reningseffektiviteten av de enskilda BDT-vattenanläggningarna och för att bedöma om det renade vattnet skulle kunna återanvändas.

Urban runoff is recognised to contribute to the deterioration of surface water quality and previous research pointed out a need to focus on organic micropollutants. This study presents measurements of stormwater quality with respect to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oil, phthalates, alkylphenols, organotin compounds (OTC), polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from three Swedish catchments (two industrial parks and one parking lot). The results showed that all the studied groups of organic micropollutants except for PFAS and PCBs were present in the stormwater. The oil levels were similar in base flow compared to runoff, while other substances had higher concentrations during runoff events compared to base flow. Among the analysed phthalates, DEHP and DINP were those that were detected in concentrations above the analytical reporting limits, of which DINP was the most abundant, with a maximum concentration of 140 μg/L. Among the OTCs, monobutyltin was the most abundant, which was detected in all samples and present in the highest concentrations (up to 270 ng/L). Regarding the different types of runoff studied (rain, snowmelt and rain on snow) no clear differences could be identified by the available body of data.

Il est reconnu que le ruissellement urbain contribue à la détérioration de la qualité des eaux de surface et des recherches antérieures ont souligné la nécessité de se concentrer sur les micropolluants organiques. Cette étude présente des mesures de la qualité des eaux pluviales en ce qui concerne les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, les huiles, les phtalates, les alkylphénols, les composés organostanniques (OTC), les substances polyfluoroalkyles (PFAS) et les polychlorobiphényles (PCB) de trois bassins versants suédois (deux parcs industriels et un parking). Les résultats ont montré que tous les groupes de micropolluants organiques étudiés, à l'exception des PFAS et des PCB, étaient présents dans les eaux pluviales. Les niveaux d'huile étaient similaires dans le flux de base par rapport au ruissellement, tandis que d'autres substances avaient des concentrations plus élevées pendant les événements de ruissellement par rapport au flux de base. Parmi les phtalates analysés, le DEHP et le DINP sont ceux qui ont été détectés à des concentrations supérieures aux limites de déclaration analytique, le DINP étant le plus abondant. Parmi les OTCs, le monobutylétain était le plus abondant, il a été détecté dans tous les échantillons et présent dans les concentrations les plus élevées. En ce qui concerne les différents types de ruissellement étudiés (pluie, fonte des neiges et pluie sur la neige), aucune différence claire n'a pu être identifiée par l'ensemble des données disponibles.

The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent greywater generated from a city district with 800 PE (population equivalent) and the effluent quality of greywater after treatment using a green wall. Five natural filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground, and composted fiber soil) were used in the green wall and tested for three hydraulic loading rates (54, 108 and 216 l/m2/d). The influent and effluent samples were taken manually between November 2021 and March 2022 and were analyzed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and microplastics. Supporting parameters e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included in the dataset. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included. This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the filter materials at different hydraulic loading rates.

Datauppsättningen som presenteras här består av rådata med avseende på kvaliteten på inkommande bad-, disk- och tvättvatten (BDT-vatten), som genereras från en stadsdel med 800 PE (population equivalent), och kvaliteten på BDT-vattnet efter rening i en grön vägg. Fem naturliga filtermaterial (pimpsten, biokol, hampafiber, kaffesump och komposterad fibermull) användes i den gröna väggen och testades för tre hydrauliska belastningshastigheter (54, 108 och 216 l/m2/d). Inflödesproverna och proverna efter behandling i den gröna väggen togs manuellt mellan november 2021 och mars 2022. De analyserades med avseende på innehåll av organiskt material, näringsämnen, patogener, anjoniska tensider, salt och mikroplaster. Stödparametrar, t.ex. suspenderade fasta partiklar och pH, ingår också i datasetet. Vidare, för mikroplaster, ingår resultat från blankprover. Denna datauppsättning användes för att utvärdera behandlingseffektiviteten hos de olika filtermaterialen vid olika hydrauliska belastningshastigheter.