In this paper, primary and secondary emissions in wind power plants are studied by using transfer admittance and current transfer functions between turbines and the public grid. The use of such transfer functions allows harmonic propagation studies without knowledge of the emission from individual turbines or the background voltage distortion. The transfer functions are calculated for one synthetic and one existing wind power plant, and results are discussed. Primary emission, secondary emission from other turbines and secondary emission from the public grid are shown to be of the same order of magnitude. Furthermore, the paper addresses the impact of turbine converter modelling, public grid impedance and the change in the aggregation exponent with frequency on the propagation. All three are shown to have a significant impact and should be considered. The main challenge for future studies is in obtaining relevant models for turbine impedance versus frequency.

Harmonic analysis studies of modern power systems commonly employ Norton and Thévenin equivalents at harmonic frequencies for the nonlinear devices. This approach neglects the so-called nonlinear interaction phenomenon. This paper addresses the difference between the results from the commonly-used model and the actual harmonic distortion measured in a low-voltage installation. A number of indices are introduced to quantify the nonlinear interaction. These indices allow a quantification of the extent to which the commonly-used model is also to predict harmonic voltages and currents in a modern low-voltage installation. The proposed model and the subsequent mathematical analysis are illustrated through measurements from different combinations of PV inverters and LED lamps using different technologies. The results show that deviation is dependent on the used technology, network impedance, and source voltage waveform. Other findings are that nonlinear interaction happens mainly in the low harmonic orders and impacts are more perceived on the harmonics phase angle. Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.

It is known for instance that voltage waveform distortion and network impedance have a significant impact on PV inverter current emissions. Because this, much research is still required to better understand their behavior and impact when multiple common household devices are placed to operate together in the same low-voltage installation. In particular, this paper addresses the harmonic impact of LED lamps on PV inverters performance considering different technologies and number of lamps. The analysis has been carried out with different scenarios considering two types of LED lamps, with and without power factor correction feature, and three different PV inverter technologies. The evaluation of the impacts is simply performed by frequency and time domain analysis, establishing the correlation between the devices current harmonics. The results obtained from the experiments have shown that LED lamps are prone to add a significant impact on the PV inverter current harmonics, and this impact is mainly dependent on the devices used technology.

A method is proposed in this paper to determine the harmonic impedances in low-voltage networks in a stochastic way. The consequences of resonances for harmonic propagation and stability of power converters are summarized. By using Monte Carlo simulation, the method includes the uncertainties in customer impedances, specifically due to electronic loads and local generation. The uncertainty in customer impedance is included by considering probability distribution for the resistive, inductive and capacitive parts of the impedance. The concept of transfer impedance is used for phase-to-neutral connections. A method is developed and applied to two existing low-voltage networks in Sweden. Results show that, for these two networks, the resonant frequencies decrease around 28 % once PV panels are installed. The paper includes a discussion of some of the practical aspects of applying the proposed method.

The harmonic emission of wind power plants into the public grid is an important part of studies for connecting such plants to the power system. However, the transfer of emission between individual wind turbines within the collection grid is normally not considered. Neither are different grid impedance scenarios considered. This transfer is one of the types of secondary emission that needs to be considered for a complete picture of harmonics in wind power plants. In this paper, a study after the importance of the secondary emission in wind power plants is presented. The impact of the grid impedance on this emission is also considered. For this, the current transfer and the transfer admittance functions were used in two wind power plants, with five and 42 wind turbines each. From the results, it was possible to estimate the secondary emission contribution from the wind turbines and estimate the impact of the grid impedance. The grid impedance has shown to have an important impact on the secondary emission for wind turbines. The harmonic transfer between wind turbines is shown to be considerable. It can vary from 15% to 70%, for the wind power plant with five wind turbines. For the 42 wind turbines case, it can vary from 2% to 14%, assuming current emission, and, from 0.48% to 3.32%, assuming a voltage source for the emission.

In this paper, the hosting capacity considering harmonic distortion is estimated for single-phase-connected photovoltaic inverters (PVIs) in low-voltage distribution networks. A stochastic approach is used to calculate the harmonic voltage distortion with each customer in the network. The method has been applied to a 6-customer network for the connection of 2.5-kW single-phase PVIs with and without harmonic voltage background. From the results, it was observed that the contribution from 2.5 kW single-phase photovoltaic inverters to the individual harmonic distortion will not cause the established limits to be exceeded. Also, that the harmonic voltage background is often dominating and should be continuously observed.

Recurrent damped oscillation can occur more or less in the LV network due to different load connected. The recurrent oscillation has lower amplitude compared to other single damped oscillations events caused by e.g. lightning or switching actions. There is however a need to measure and quantify the recurrent oscillations to increase the understanding and possible consequences of these. This paper describes the phenomena and addresses different analyzing methods where ESPRIT seems to be the most promising analyzing method. In the end, the paper presents some result from a long term measurement at one site with recurrent oscillations and makes some comparisons of different analyzing methods.

Harmonic resonances in distribution systems are mainly between network inductances and shunt capacitances from capacitor banks and consumer loads. In this paper, particular attention is devoted to the evaluation of capacitances from domestic equipment, serving as a reference for resonance frequency studies. The assessment is performed by simulation and measurements of common low power electronic loads. From the analysis of EMI filters topologies used in AC/DC converters, a non-invasive capacitance measurement estimation method is presented. The method is verified after correlating capacitances with the resonance frequencies obtained from a frequency sweep method. From experimental measurements, the results show that the equivalent shunt capacitances for a set of 24 LED lamps are between 10 and 135 nF.

The connection of new installations, as wind power plants, into the public grid requires that some conditions are fulfilled. Their aim is among others to ensure a proper power quality in the grid and to ensure a high probability of electromagnetic compatibility. The harmonic emission of individual sources is one of the power quality concerns, because they can damage and increase heating in devices. However, as there are other power electronics loads are connected, the correct assessment of the harmonic emission from one specific source is not straightforward. in this paper, a review of the most used methods for harmonic emission determination is presented and some considerations are discussed regarding their use in wind power plants harmonic contribution. Depending on the application, one method is more suitable than the other. However, assumptions are necessary with any method, especially for the harmonic impedances. For wind power plants not all the presented methods are suitable. Also, further investigations are needed to determine the harmonic impedance of the wind power plant and public grid, especially around resonant frequencies.