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Chapman, D., Johansson, C., Berggård, G., Lindelöw, D., Larsson, A., Merlo, L. & Nilson, F. (2026). Levelling-up walking as a mode of transport - a case for changing hierarchies. Journal of Transport & Health, 47, Article ID 102242.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Levelling-up walking as a mode of transport - a case for changing hierarchies
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2026 (English)In: Journal of Transport & Health, ISSN 2214-1405, E-ISSN 2214-1413, Vol. 47, article id 102242Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction

Walking has a key role in achieving the compact and 15-min city, improving public health, and reaching sustainability goals. However, whilst walking is placed at the top of the transport hierarchy in public documents throughout Scandinavia, in reality, walking as a mode of transport is consistently downplayed and hierarchically placed in the bottom of the transport hierarchy. Focus in the public and planning discourse is instead commonly on either motorised transport, public transport, or cycling, regardless of whether the focus is on city planning, logistics or safety.

Methods

To better understand why this is the case – as well as attempting to suggest solutions to levelling-up walking as a mode of transport – academics, policymakers, and practitioners from across Scandinavia were strategically selected to contribute with their knowledge through focus groups and individual surveys during 2021 and 2023.

Results

In the analysis of the material, it became clear that walking was largely viewed in the parallel perspectives of two fields: planning and safety. These fields coexist as disparate and disconnected fields, basing their work on different methodologies and input data, resulting in an incoherent understanding of walking as a mode of transport. However, the analysis also enabled the development of a thematic model: realising walking as a mode of transport, illustrating an ideal construct in which planning and safety perspectives work coherently.

Conclusion

The results suggest that there is a strong desire to level-up walking as a mode of transport and change the status and hierarchy in the transport system. However, to do so requires a more holistic and multi-disciplinary view.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026
Keywords
Walking, Transport, 15-Min city, Soft mobility, Health
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Structural Engineering
Research subject
Architecture; Physiotherapy and Health Promotion
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-115787 (URN)10.1016/j.jth.2025.102242 (DOI)001639826800001 ()2-s2.0-105024238487 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2022/32661The Kamprad Family Foundation, 20233102
Note

Fulltext license: CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2025-12-12 Created: 2025-12-12 Last updated: 2026-03-06
Westin, M., Lättman, K., Berggård, G. & Johansson, C. (2025). Enablers for reductions of fossil fuel consumption for personal transportation in rural areas. Sustainable Transport and Livability, 2(1), Article ID 2502379.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enablers for reductions of fossil fuel consumption for personal transportation in rural areas
2025 (English)In: Sustainable Transport and Livability, E-ISSN 2994-1849, Vol. 2, no 1, article id 2502379Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study focuses on the transition towards “fossil-free” (meaning fossil fuel-free) passenger transport in rural areas. We identify enablers for travel behaviour change through alternative transport and accessibility solutions from a bottom-up/traveller perspective, reducing the current knowledge gap and adding nuances to our existing body of knowledge. Rural environments are particularly challenging with long distances, inadequate accessibility to services, and limited public transport. As fossil fuel cars are the dominant means of achieving essential accessibility for many rural residents, maintaining accessibility with alternative solutions in connection with the transition to a sustainable transport system is vital. The study was conducted in Västerbotten and Norrbotten, located in Northern Sweden, Europe’s most sparsely populated area. The empirical material consists of focus groups with rural inhabitants and (separately) civil servants, and material gathered from various other transport-related projects. The results identify five enabling themes: motivation, personal and local community, opportunities and adaptability, expectation or anticipation of the transition, and physical proximity. The research material was analysed through social innovation theory, meaning that the changes under consideration were not only seen from the perspective of simple technical changes in transport but also as a complex social process moving towards changing travel habits.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2025
Keywords
fossil-free, sustainable transport, sub-Arctic, social innovation, rural
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-112643 (URN)10.1080/29941849.2025.2502379 (DOI)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV2019/6293
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 1;2025-05-14 (u4);

Fulltext license: CC BY;

This article has previously appeared as a manuscript in a thesis.

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Johansson, C., Nilson, F., Chapman, D., Berggård, G., Lindelöw, D., Merlo, L. & Mandal, A. (2025). Kunskapssammanställning om transportslaget gång. Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kunskapssammanställning om transportslaget gång
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2025 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2025. p. 60
Series
Research report / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1528
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-112755 (URN)978-91-8048-845-7 (ISBN)
Available from: 2025-05-26 Created: 2025-05-26 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Westin, M., Johansson, C., Lättman, K. & Berggård, G. (2025). Perceived safety and security constraints to achieving a shift from fossil fuel cars to other options in rural areas. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 31, Article ID 101419.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Perceived safety and security constraints to achieving a shift from fossil fuel cars to other options in rural areas
2025 (English)In: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, E-ISSN 2590-1982, Vol. 31, article id 101419Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reducing the use of fossil fuels for personal transport is challenging in rural areas where car dependency, long distances, and a lack of services and collective travel solutions are common. The transition is proving slow, as many people see cars as essential to fulfilling their needs and therefore a potentially car-less future as restricting their accessibility. One perceived obstacle to the transition is security, or perceived safety, which is the focus of this paper.This study examines the conditions for replacing fossil-fuel cars for personal transport with any alternatives leading to lower CO2 emissions, exploring what shapes rural people’s needs of this transition, focusing particularly on their security and safety concerns.The empirical material comes from focus group discussions with civil servants and rural inhabitants in the sub-arctic north of Sweden which is one of Europe’s most sparsely populated areas. The results show that based on current conditions relying on only alternatives to the fossil-fuel car in rural areas would lead to insecurity, and that concerns about security affect rural inhabitants’ choice of transport mode. In addition, whether or not alternatives to the fossil-fuel car are perceived as broadly feasible seems to be affected by a small proportion of the journeys individuals make, in this study referred to as boundary-setting trips comprising “tough journeys”, “journeys out of one’s control”, and “journeys affected by the unexpected”.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Rural, Mobility, Accessibility, Sustainable transport, Sub-arctic, Fossil fuel, Car dependency
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-112538 (URN)10.1016/j.trip.2025.101419 (DOI)001476215900001 ()2-s2.0-105002829651 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV2019/6293
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 1;2025-05-13 (u4);

Fulltext license: CC BY

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Westin, M., Johansson, C. & Berggård, G. (2024). Constraints to the transition to fossil-free passenger transport – As perceived by rural inhabitants. Research in Globalization, 8, Article ID 100218.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Constraints to the transition to fossil-free passenger transport – As perceived by rural inhabitants
2024 (English)In: Research in Globalization, ISSN 2590-051X, Vol. 8, article id 100218Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Passenger travel by car currently accounts for a significant part of greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependency on the car in rural areas while ensuring accessibility is challenging. This study offers a user perspective on the constraints to fossil-free mobility in a remote rural area of Sweden, drawing on focus group discussions with inhabitants of six rural settlements.

The study took place in Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden's two northernmost regions where the climate is sub-arctic, population density low, and car dependence high.

It explores constraints including the shift from personal and individual responsibility for transport to more collective solutions. Both contextual and individual aspects impact on people's ability to change, including social networks, working arrangements, socioeconomic preconditions, and personal flexibility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Accessibility, Fossil-free, mobility, Sub-arctic, Rural, Capability approach, Sustainable transport, Sparsely populated, Conversion factors, Decarbonization
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-108520 (URN)10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100218 (DOI)001370937700001 ()2-s2.0-85190159055 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV2019/6293
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 1;2024-08-14 (signyg);

Full text license: CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2024-08-12 Created: 2024-08-12 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Johansson, C., Lindelöw, D., Chapman, D., Nilson, F. & Berggård, G. (2024). Resultat workshops om forskningsprogram om planering för gångtrafik. Luleå tekniska universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Resultat workshops om forskningsprogram om planering för gångtrafik
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2024 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå tekniska universitet, 2024. p. 9
Series
Research report / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1528
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-104393 (URN)978-91-8048-492-3 (ISBN)
Available from: 2024-02-28 Created: 2024-02-28 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Johansson, C., Lindelöw, D., Chapman, D., Nilsson, F. & Berggård, G. (2022). Förstudie för Centrum för planering för Gång. Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Förstudie för Centrum för planering för Gång
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2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Denna rapport är resultatet av en förstudie för projektförslaget Centrum för Planering för Gång, hädanefter kallat Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång. Syftet med det tilltänkta forskningsprogrammet är att arbeta med transportslaget gång enligt de två övergripande projektmålen att öka kunskapen om (1) hur gångtrafiken kan öka och (2) hur trafikslagets säkerhetssituation kan förbättra. Syftet är även att integrera dessa tillsammans, på ett systematiskt och tvärvetenskapligt sätt inom trafikplaneringen. Betydelsen av att ”färdas till fots” är bred i denna ansats, med fokus på att behandla det ”som ett transportsätt".

I denna förstudie har tre seminarier genomförts för att identifiera forskningsämnen, partners, behovet och fokus av ett sammanhållet forskningsprogram avseende transportslaget gång och dess olika aspekter. De tre seminarierna har ordnats med deltagare från kommuner, Trafikverket och andra statliga aktörer, teknik- och designföretag/Innovationsföretagen m.fl. Denna förstudie avser således verksamhetsplanering för fortsatt Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång.

Deltagarna till seminarierna valdes strategiskt ut från författarens professionella nätverk. Syftet var att inkludera ett stort antal olika intresseorganisationer, offentliga myndigheter och privata företag från hela Skandinavien. Totalt bjöds 162 personer in till de tre seminarierna, och totalt 68 personer deltog vid ett, två, eller alla tre seminarierna. De identifierade övergripande frågeställningarna eller perspektiven var:

  • Synen på gångtrafik och fotgängare

Ett tydligt och genomgående tema eller perspektiv i seminarierna var den makthierarki som befästs inom trafikmiljön. Den dominerande synen är att motoriserad transport prioriteras, följt av cykling. Längst ned i hierarkin finns gång.

  • Samhällelig och rumslig planering

Detta tema behandlar planering i en vid betydelse – på gatunivå ända upp till urban/regional nivå.Från både ett design-, säkerhets- och upplevelseperspektiv är mjuka värden såsom upplevelser, trygghet och estetik viktiga komponenter i relation till att uppmuntra transportslaget gång.

  • Data och indikatorer och data för uppföljning

Oavsett om det handlar om exponeringsdata, skadedata, trygghetsdata eller framåtblickande indikatorer i relation till fotgängare finns stora brister i datakvalitet och definitioner. Bristen på data innebär i sin tur att utvärderingar av interventioner är svåra att genomföra.

  • Ansvar och organisation

Behoven hos fotgängare, oavsett om dessa relaterar till underhåll, planering eller säkerhet, är spridda på många olika samhällsaktörer.

  • Brist på övergripande strategier och riktlinjer samt ett spretigt forskningsfält

Trots det miljö- och hälsomässiga fördelarna av gång finns inga nationella strategier för hur antalet fotgängare ska öka eller hur mängden steg ska öka.

  • Socio-ekonomiska aspekteriv

Då socio-ekonomiska faktorer är centrala för att förstå och förklara risk, exponering och beteendemönster är bristen på denna typ av kunskap problematiskt. Inte minst gäller detta i relation till planering, interventioner eller underhåll för att veta hur olika socioekonomiska grupper påverkas och deras möjlighet att gå (på ett säkert sätt).• Samhällsekonomiska effekterFör att fullt ut förstå gångens fulla effekt på individer och samhälle behövs en mer sammansatt förståelse av transportslaget gångs effekter på samhällets kostnader och vinster.

  • En övergripande modell

Utöver perspektiven ovan identifierades också ett övergripande perspektiv – relationen mellan individen, klimatet och dess omkringliggande (byggda) miljö.

Vår målsättning är att Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång ska bli ett nationellt kunskapsprogram för forskning och utbildning om transportslaget gång och fotgängare. Grunden för vår verksamhetsidé är att forskningsprogrammet ska vara öppet för alla relevanta aktörer och intressenter för kunskapsutbyte och innovation för transportslaget gång och fotgängare. Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång ska öka det tvärvetenskapliga samarbetet, arbeta för långsiktig kunskapsuppbyggnad, knyta forskningen närmare samhället och uppfylla följande syften om transportslaget gång och fotgängare:

  • Att möta samhällets utmaningar och aktörernas behov genom tillämpad forskning och utveckling samt spridning av kunskap.
  • Att bygga upp en långsiktig, konkurrenskraftig och sammanhållen kompetens inom transportslaget gång och fotgängare genom forskning, utbildning och professionell erfarenhet.
  • Att skapa en plattform för excellent och innovativ forskning.

Baserat på utredningen ovan är förslaget att organisationsformen för ett framtida ”center” är forskningsprogram. Detta ger de tydligaste förutsättningarna gällande både organisation och hantering av ekonomi. Organisationsformen forskningsprogram ger även möjlighet till den mest inkluderande ansatsen, olika typer av professionella organisationer kan delta, och det blir tydligt hur och när eventuell medfinansiering kan ske, samt hur avtal för det kan tas fram.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2022. p. 26
Series
Research report / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1528
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-90387 (URN)978-91-8048-087-1 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-04-25 Created: 2022-04-25 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
Larsson, A., Berggård, G., Rosander, P. & Gard, G. (2019). Gait speed with anti-slip devices on icy pedestrian crossings relate to perceived fall-risk and balance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), Article ID 2451.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Gait speed with anti-slip devices on icy pedestrian crossings relate to perceived fall-risk and balance
2019 (English)In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 16, no 14, article id 2451Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

It is important to find criteria for preventive measures and appropriate assistive devices to reduce pedestrian injuries and increase walking in winter. Reducing the rate of falls on icy surfaces and improving people’s ability to safely cross a street in winter conditions by achieving an adequate walking speed, for example, need to be considered. This study explores pedestrian perceptions of fall risk, balance, and footfall transitions while using different designs for anti-slip devices on ice and snow-covered ice and relates these to measures of gait speed and friction. Trials were performed with nine pedestrians testing 19 anti-slip devices on ice and ice covered with snow. Laboratory tests of the dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF) on plain ice were also performed. The findings suggest that there was conformity in the participants’ perceptions of good balance and low fall risk for one-fifth of the devices (three whole-foot designs and one design with built-in spikes). We also found that gait speed on icy pedestrian crossings is related to perceived fall-risk and balance control, but not to DCOF of the anti-slip devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2019
Keywords
anti-slip device, classification, postural control, pedestrian crossing, safety, gait speed, winter conditions
National Category
Architectural Engineering Physiotherapy
Research subject
Architecture; Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75254 (URN)10.3390/ijerph16142451 (DOI)000480659300005 ()31295887 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85069835747 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2013/90656
Note

Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-07-11 (johcin)

Available from: 2019-07-08 Created: 2019-07-08 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
Abarkan, A., Rizzo, A., Öjehag-Pettersson, A., Byerley, A., Karvonen, A., Legby, A., . . . Svane, Ö. (2019). Lyssna på forskningen: Den visar på avregleringens problem. Dagens nyheter (10/21/2019)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lyssna på forskningen: Den visar på avregleringens problem
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2019 (Swedish)In: Dagens nyheter, ISSN 1101-2447, no 10/21/2019Article in journal, News item (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Dagens nyheter, 2019
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-77001 (URN)
Available from: 2019-11-30 Created: 2019-11-30 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
Larsson, A., Berggård, G., Rosander, P. & Gard, G. (2019). Safe community walking with anti-slip devices: The changing face of barriers to soft mobility in winter communities. In: : . Paper presented at EU Falls Festival, 1-2 October, 2019, Umeå, Sweden.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Safe community walking with anti-slip devices: The changing face of barriers to soft mobility in winter communities
2019 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
National Category
Architectural Engineering Physiotherapy
Research subject
Architecture; Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76158 (URN)
Conference
EU Falls Festival, 1-2 October, 2019, Umeå, Sweden
Projects
Arctic risk in urban spaces
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2013/90656
Available from: 2019-09-29 Created: 2019-09-29 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-2512-9922

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