Sawmilling is the conversion of round timber of a defined geometry and quality into sawn timber in accordance with given or custom-ordered specifications regarding dimensions and quality. This process also results in by-products such as bark, sawdust, and chips. An industrial sawmill operation is a complex process involving external and internal logistics, optimization, and process control in order to maximize the value yield and to reduce operating costs. The volume yield of sawn timber is of great importance. Sawmills are classified according to their main machining concept such as frame-saw mills, bandsaw mills, circular-saw mills, profiling-technology-based mills, etc. In this chapter, various sawmill concepts and machining technologies are described and the basic approaches to achieve optimization are introduced. The sawing machines are described on a conceptual basis and sawmill design, selection, and maintenance are surveyed.