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A Theoretical Investigation of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond as a Single Molecule Sensor and Qubit: Charging through Explicit Electron Donors
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Material Science. (Tillämpad fysik)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9361-9918
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The NV-center in diamond is one of the most well researched defects to date. Since its discovery in the 1960’s, a large body of experimental as well as theoretical work have been produced, investigating its properties and applications. The reason for the attention on this defect are its properties that are well suited for a number of applications. Some of those properties are: 1) photostable at room temperature; 2) long spin coherence time; 3) spin-flipping during the process of optical excitation and decay; 4) Optical readout of spin state. Some of the applications include qubits in quantum computers and sensors for single molecule properties. In order for the NV-center to function well, it is important to decouple its interaction with other defects in the diamond lattice or with the surface of the diamond, that could have a detrimental effect on the NV-center properties. In this work, we theoretically investigate how the NV-center properties are affected by some nearby defects. Those defects include: a nitrogen point defect in the diamond lattice, diamond surfaces, and an extended intrinsic stacking fault defect in the diamond lattice. It is the negative charge state of the NV-center that has the properties mentioned above, and therefore it is this charge state that is interesting for the applications. Here, we investigate our new theoretical method of charging the NV-center through an electron donor nitrogen in the diamond lattice. By instead charging with an explicit electron donor/acceptor, we avoid the complicated correction schemes associated with the tra-ditional theoretical method of introducing an artificial background charge density in a supercell for simulating charged defects. It can also be argued that our new method is a more physically correct method, as negatively charged NV-centers in diamond get their charge by accepting electrons from nearby nitrogens in the diamond lattice. In addition to the NV-center, we further test the method for other point defects in diamond.In this thesis, an introduction to the field is given and the current research questions are stated in chapter 1. Followed by chapters reviewing the current experimental and theoret-ical work regarding the NV-center, computational physics and density functional theory, and an overview of the software used in this work. The results presented in this thesis are obtained using density functional theory computations.Our results show that the method of charging the NV-center with a donor-nitrogen is viable for an NV-N distance of 7.5 ˚A or greater.When placing the NV-center in the vicinity to a terminated surface (F- H/O/OH- and N-terminated), its properties converge to bulk values already at 5 ˚A depth. This is great news when compared with the recent experimentally achieved distance of 1 nm, meaning that NV-centers could possibly be placed even closer to the surface without being affected. When placing the NV-center in the vicinity of an intrinsic stacking fault (ISF), our results show that the NV-center is not greatly affected down to a distance of 4.2 ˚A. However, when the NV-center is placed 3.8 ˚A or closer to the ISF, the ZPL is perturbed between 2.0 and 11.3 %. It is perturbed the most when placed inside the ISF glide plane. This is great news for the technical applications; some diamonds contain high densities of ISFs, and our results show that a NV-center can be placed really close to such an ISF without losing its sensitivity as a sensor of magnetic fields.We have also found that the excitation from the NVground state into donor-N+ (one-photon process) requires 2.31 eV and lead to a meta-stable NV0 and donor-N0 charge state, both of which are electron spin resonance (ESR) active and, thus, this transition could be investigated experimentally. The excitation to the neutral state can also be achieved through a two-photon process with the first step at 2.19 eV and the second step at 0.81 eV.When placing the NV-center in the vicinity to two nitrogens (one neutrally charged, and one positively charged acting as electron donor), we find that it is almost unaffected, with changes in the ZPL of 1-8 meV when the distance to the nitrogens is 9.40-12.52 ˚A. This means that a nearby nitrogen, whether it is neutral or positively charged does not affect the NV-center in a detrimental way.Our tests on charging defects through electron donors/acceptors reveals that our method also works for the following defect-donor/acceptor pairs: NV-P+, NV-B+, N+-B, SiV-N+, Be-O+, Be2−-N+-N+.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå tekniska universitet, 2021.
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Applied Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81962ISBN: 978-91-7790-734-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7790-735-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-81962DiVA, id: diva2:1509095
Public defence
2021-02-26, E231, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-11 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Charged dopants in neutral supercells through substitutional donor (acceptor): nitrogen donor charging of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Charged dopants in neutral supercells through substitutional donor (acceptor): nitrogen donor charging of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond
2018 (English)In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 20, article id 023002Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Charged defects are traditionally computed by adding (subtracting) electrons for negative (positive) impurities. When using periodic boundary conditions this results in artificially charged supercells that also require a compensating background charge of the opposite sign, which makes slab supercells problematic because of an arbitrary dependence on the vacuum thickness. In this work, we test the method of using neutral supercells through the use of a substitutional electron donor (acceptor) to describe charged systems. We use density functional theory (DFT) to compare the effects of charging the well-studied NV-center in diamond by a substitutional donor nitrogen. We investigate the influence of the donor-N on the NV-center properties as a function of the distance between them, and find that they converge toward those obtained when adding an electron. We analyze the spin density and conclude that the donor-N has a zero magnetic moment, and thus, will not be seen in electron spin resonance. We validate our DFT energies through comparison to GW simulations. Charging the NV-center with a substitutional donor-N enables accurate calculations of slabs, without the ambiguity of using charged supercells. Implantation of donor-N atoms opens up the possibility to engineer NV-centers with the desired charge state for future ICT and sensor applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2018
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Applied Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67515 (URN)10.1088/1367-2630/aaa382 (DOI)000424038200002 ()2-s2.0-85043470466 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-02-05 (andbra)

Available from: 2018-02-05 Created: 2018-02-05 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
2. The bulk conversion depth of the NV-center in diamond: computing a charged defect in a neutral slab
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The bulk conversion depth of the NV-center in diamond: computing a charged defect in a neutral slab
2019 (English)In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 21, article id 053037Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) center in diamond has properties that make it a promising candidate for applications such as a qubit in room temperature quantum computing, single-molecule photoluminescence and NMR sensor, and as a single photon source for quantum cryptography. For many of its uses it is desirable to have the NV-center close to the diamond surface. In this work, we use density functional theory simulations to investigate how the distance of the NV- center to a surface, and its orientation, affect its properties, including the zero-phonon-line. We study the three technologically important surfaces terminated with fluorine, oxygen/hydroxyl and nitrogen. Since the NV-center is charged it requires special measures to simulate within a slab-model. We use the recently proposed charging with a substitutional donor in the diamond lattice resulting in a neutral super-cell, which provides very satisfactory results. We have found that the NV-centers properties converge to bulk values already at 5 angstrom depth.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2019
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Applied Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74898 (URN)10.1088/1367-2630/ab1ec5 (DOI)000469973900007 ()2-s2.0-85069479116 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-06-24 (johcin)

Available from: 2019-06-24 Created: 2019-06-24 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
3. The Diamond NV-Center In the Vicinity of an Intrinsic Stacking Fault
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Diamond NV-Center In the Vicinity of an Intrinsic Stacking Fault
(English)In: Journal of Physics: Materials, E-ISSN 2515-7639Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå:
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81959 (URN)
Available from: 2020-12-11 Created: 2020-12-11 Last updated: 2025-10-22
4. A theoretical study of de-charging excitations of the NV-center in diamond involving a nitrogen donor
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A theoretical study of de-charging excitations of the NV-center in diamond involving a nitrogen donor
2020 (English)In: New Journal of Physics, E-ISSN 1367-2630, Vol. 22, no 12, article id 123042Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centre in diamond is a promising candidate for future nanoscale quantum applications. For its operation it is important to have control of the centres charge state, and to avoid temporary disappearance of the NV-center's functionality, termed photo-blinking. In this work, we use density functional theory simulations to investigate excitations that result in loss of an electron from NV to a nearby nitrogen donor (donor-N+), leading to NV0 and donor-N0 charge state, and the corresponding deexcitation. Since these processes involve two different localized defect centres in the diamond lattice (the NV-center and the donor-N) they are non-local excitations. We have studied the de-charging both as a one-photon process and through a sequential two-photon process via the NV-center excited state. We propose de-charging directly from the NV-center to the donor-N as a possible mechanism for photo-blinking of the NV-center that involve an additional electron spin resonance active defect, the donor-N0. We have found that the excitation energies are converged when the distance between the two is larger than 10.4 Å. We also compute excitations to the conduction band edge from NV (to NV0) and from donor-N0 (to donor-N+) using G0W0 + BSE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2020
Keywords
DFT, NV-center, diamond, ab initio, GW + BSE, electron donor, nitrogen
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Applied Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81958 (URN)10.1088/1367-2630/abd1ae (DOI)000604774300001 ()2-s2.0-85099362613 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationThe Kempe FoundationsSwedish Research Council, 621-2012-3999, 2018-05973Carl Tryggers foundation
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-01-21 (alebob)

Available from: 2020-12-11 Created: 2020-12-11 Last updated: 2025-10-22Bibliographically approved
5. The NV-Center and Two Nearby Substitutional Nitrogens
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The NV-Center and Two Nearby Substitutional Nitrogens
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81961 (URN)
Available from: 2020-12-11 Created: 2020-12-11 Last updated: 2025-10-22
6. Charged Impurities in Neutral Supercells Through Explicit Donors and Acceptors - Point Defects in Diamond
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Charged Impurities in Neutral Supercells Through Explicit Donors and Acceptors - Point Defects in Diamond
(English)In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå:
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81960 (URN)
Available from: 2020-12-11 Created: 2020-12-11 Last updated: 2025-10-22

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