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Intra-event variations of organic micropollutants in highway runoff and a presedimentation-biofilter treatment facility
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5333-2971
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4327-5613
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1725-6478
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5548-4397
2024 (English)In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, ISSN 0304-3894, E-ISSN 1873-3336, Vol. 476, article id 135200Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The study assessed the quality of highway runoff and a stormwater treatment system, focusing on intra-event variations (IEVs: variations within a runoff/effluent event) of the concentration of organic micropollutants (OMPs) including bisphenol-A, alkylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). IEVs of OMPs varied considerably with no particular recurring pattern in highway runoff and presedimentation effluent, displaying sporadic strong first flushes. IEVs are significantly associated with rainfall intensity variations, especially for particle-bound substances such as PAHs and PHCs. However, phenolic substances showed distinct IEV patterns compared to total suspended solids, PAHs, and PHCs, likely due to their higher solubility and mobility. Downstream sand filter (SF) and vegetated biofilter (BFC) mitigated IEVs, leading to more uniform discharge during outflow events. Although BFC’s IEVs were indiscernible due to low effluent concentrations, SF’s IEVs often peaked at the beginning of events (within the first 100 of ⁓600 m3), exceeding the lowest predicted non-effect concentrations for five PAHs, bisphenol-A, and octylphenol. This study highlights the advantage of IEV analysis over conventional event mean concentration analysis for identifying critical effluent stages, crucial for developing control strategies to protect sensitive water recipients or for reuse applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 476, article id 135200
Keywords [en]
Bioretention, Environmental risk analysis, First flush, Intra-event dynamics, Road runoff
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-108409DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135200ISI: 001269134900001PubMedID: 39003807Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85198307581OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-108409DiVA, id: diva2:1885819
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20074Swedish Water, 16-166Vinnova, 2022-03092
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-07-25 (signyg);

Fulltext license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-07-25 Created: 2024-07-25 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Organic Micropollutants in Stormwater and Biofilter Systems: Treatment, Accumulation, and Dynamics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organic Micropollutants in Stormwater and Biofilter Systems: Treatment, Accumulation, and Dynamics
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Anthropogenic activities impact the quality of stormwater in urban areas. Urban runoff usually contains high concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs), which can adversely affect public health and the ecology of receiving waterbodies. The work described in this thesis aims to evaluate the concentrations, occurrences, and environmental risks of OMPs in stormwater runoff. It contributes towards identifying, monitoring, and controlling their environmental impacts and risks through mitigation strategies that protect human health and water resources.

Stormwater biofilter (bioretention) systems have been developed and implemented in recent decades as a mitigation strategy for in-situ stormwater treatment. The studies in this thesis seek to improve field-scale understanding of the fate and transport behaviors of OMPs in stormwater biofilter systems, assess biofilters’ design performance for OMP treatment from both design suitability and maintenance perspectives, and evaluate their potential to mitigate OMP risks to receiving waterbodies. This research explored/validated the treatability, short-term intra-event variations (IEVs), long-term accumulation, and environmental risks of OMPs in 27 sand-based biofilter facilities located in various catchment types and with different design features (including amendments with vegetation, chalk, and biochar). Some of the key findings revealed by the thesis are as follows:

Various OMP families, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), phenolics substances, organotin compounds (OTCs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), were present in stormwater runoff at concentrations often problematic for receiving waterbodies. Intra-event concentrations varied substantially during rain events. The rain intensity was one of the most influential factors affecting IEVs during short rainfall events.Depending on the pollutant’s physio-chemical properties and the treatment unit’s design features, the performance of the studied biofilter systems ranged from weak (negative removal efficiencies) to sufficient (up to 98%) in removing OMPs. Among the amendments used in the sand-based biofilters, the presence of a vegetated layer increased the removal (>30% improvement compared to non-vegetated or partially-vegetated biofilters) and reduced IEVs. However, no differences were observed after biochar or chalk amendment. The field observations revealed several complexities associated with applying biochar that must be considered/adapted for stormwater treatment.The long-term accumulation of hydrophobic, particle-bound OMPs, such as heavier PAHs, PHCs, and phthalates (only DEHP), in the filter materials was dominant (with higher occurrence/concentrations atop the biofilters), as they achieved higher removal from stormwater. Conversely, the removal or long-term accumulation of more mobile, hydrophilic, and slow-adsorbing OMPs, including bisphenol A (a phenolic substance), monobutyltin (an OTC), and PFASs, was lower and inconsistent in both amended and non-amended biofilters, showing a need for more effective biofilter design and maintenance strategies for these challenging compounds.

Abstract [sv]

Antropogena aktiviteter påverkar kvaliteten på dagvatten i urbana områden. Urban avrinning innehåller ofta höga koncentrationer av organiska ämnen, vilket kan ha negativa effekter på folkhälsan och ekologin i de recipienter som tar emot dagvattnet. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera koncentrationer, förekomst och miljörisker av organiska mikroföroreningar (eng. organic micropollutants, OMPs) i dagvattenavrinning. Arbetet bidrar till att identifiera, övervaka och kontrollera miljöpåverkan och risker genom åtgärdsstrategier som skyddar både människors hälsa och vattenresurser.

Dagvattenbiofilter har utvecklats och implementerats under de senaste decennierna som en åtgärdsstrategi för lokal dagvattenrening. Detta arbete strävar också efter att förbättra förståelsen av organiska mikroföroreningars transport och nedbrytningsprocesser i biofilter, att bedöma biofiltrens prestanda för OMP-rening utifrån både utformning och underhållsperspektiv samt att utvärdera deras potential att minska OMP-utsläpp till recipienter. Forskningen undersökte och verifierade den generella reningen av OMP, kortsiktiga variationer under avrinningshändelser, långsiktig ackumulering OMP och därmed förknippade miljörisker i biofilteranläggningar. Några av de viktigaste resultaten i avhandlingen är följande:

Olika OMP-familjer, såsom polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH), petroleumkolväten (PHC), fenolföreningar, organiska tennföreningar (OTC) och perfluorerade ämnen (PFAS), påträffades i dagvattenavrinning i koncentrationer som ofta är problematiska för recipienternas miljö. Koncentrationer av PAH och fenoler var högre i avrinning från en motorväg jämfört med ett blandat stadsområde. Under regnhändelserna varierade koncentrationerna kraftigt och regnintensitet var en av de mest inflytelserika faktorerna för dessa variationer vid kortare nederbördshändelser.OMP-rening i de studerade biofiltersystemen varierade mycket, från undermålig (negativa reningsprocent) till mycket effektiv (upp till 98% rening), beroende på föroreningarnas fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper och biofiltrens utformning. Bland de sandbaserade biofiltrens tillsatsmaterial visade sig växtlighet att vara en viktig faktor för avskiljning (över 30 % förbättring jämfört med icke-växtbevuxna eller delvis bevuxna biofilter). Däremot observerades inga signifikanta skillnader pga. tillsats av biokol och kalk. Fältstudierna avslöjade komplexiteten kopplad till användningen av biokol, som bör beaktas och anpassas vid dagvattenrening.Den långsiktiga ackumuleringen av hydrofoba, partikelbundna OMP (såsom tyngre PAH, PHC och ftalaten DEHP) i filtermaterialen var dominerande (med högre förekomst/koncentrationer i biofiltrens övre skikt). Anledningen är att dessa föroreningar effektivt avskildes från dagvattnet tillsammans med sediment. Däremot var avskiljning och långsiktig ackumulering av mer mobila, hydrofila och långsamt adsorberande OMP (inklusive bisfenol A (en fenolförening), monobutyltenn (en OTC) och PFAS) lägre och varierande i både modifierade och icke-modifierade biofilter. Detta visar på ett behov av mer effektiva biofilterdesign- och underhållsstrategier för dessa utmanande ämnen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2025
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Urban runoff, Trace organic compounds (TrOCs), Bioretention, Accumulation, Vegetation, Biochar, Intra-event variations, Environmental risks, Urban avrinning, Spåra organiska föroreningar, Bioretention, Ackumulation, Vegetation, Biokol, variationer under avrinningshändelser, Miljörisker
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111244 (URN)978-91-8048-738-2 (ISBN)978-91-8048-739-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-21, A117, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-03-12Bibliographically approved

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Beryani, AliFlanagan, KelseyViklander, MariaBlecken, Godecke-Tobias

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