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Organic Micropollutants in Stormwater and Biofilter Systems: Treatment, Accumulation, and Dynamics
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5333-2971
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2025.
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111244ISBN: 978-91-8048-738-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8048-739-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-111244DiVA, id: diva2:1930199
Public defence
2025-03-21, C305, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-01-23Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters
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2024 (English)In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851, Vol. 58, no 32, p. 14518-14529Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Current knowledge about the fate and transport behaviors of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in urban stormwater biofilter facilities is very limited. C5–14,16 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids [perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs)], C4,8,10 perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs), methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (MeFOSAA, a PFSA precursor), and unknown C6–8 PFCA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid precursors were frequently found in bioretention media and forebay sediments at Σ35PFAS concentrations of <0.03–19 and 0.064–16 μg/kg-DW, respectively. Unknown C6–8 PFCA precursor concentrations were up to ten times higher than the corresponding PFCAs, especially at forebays and biofilters’ top layer. No significant trend could be attributed to PFAS and precursor concentrations versus depth of filter media, though PFAS concentrations were 2–3 times higher in the upper layers on average (significant difference between the upper (0–5 cm) and deepest (35–50 cm) layer). PFASs had a similar spatial concentration distribution in each filter media (no clear difference between short- and long-chain PFASs). Commercial land use and organic matter were important factors explaining the concentration variations among the biofilters and between the sampling depths, respectively. Given the comparable PFAS accumulations in deeper and superficial layers and possible increased mobility after precursor biotransformation, designing shallow-depth, nonamended sand biofilters or maintaining only the top layer may be insufficient for stormwater PFAS management.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024
Keywords
Urban runoff, Emerging contaminants, Bioretention, Filter media, Fate and Transport, Retention, TOP assay
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-108442 (URN)10.1021/acs.est.4c05170 (DOI)001280935500001 ()39078743 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85199949644 (Scopus ID)
Projects
DRIZZLE
Funder
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, NV-03810-23Vinnova, 2016-05176: DRIZZLESvenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13623
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-08-14 (hanlid);

Full text license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-07-31 Created: 2024-07-31 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
2. Intra-event variations of organic micropollutants in highway runoff and a presedimentation-biofilter treatment facility
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Intra-event variations of organic micropollutants in highway runoff and a presedimentation-biofilter treatment facility
2024 (English)In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, ISSN 0304-3894, E-ISSN 1873-3336, Vol. 476, article id 135200Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The study assessed the quality of highway runoff and a stormwater treatment system, focusing on intra-event variations (IEVs: variations within a runoff/effluent event) of the concentration of organic micropollutants (OMPs) including bisphenol-A, alkylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). IEVs of OMPs varied considerably with no particular recurring pattern in highway runoff and presedimentation effluent, displaying sporadic strong first flushes. IEVs are significantly associated with rainfall intensity variations, especially for particle-bound substances such as PAHs and PHCs. However, phenolic substances showed distinct IEV patterns compared to total suspended solids, PAHs, and PHCs, likely due to their higher solubility and mobility. Downstream sand filter (SF) and vegetated biofilter (BFC) mitigated IEVs, leading to more uniform discharge during outflow events. Although BFC’s IEVs were indiscernible due to low effluent concentrations, SF’s IEVs often peaked at the beginning of events (within the first 100 of ⁓600 m3), exceeding the lowest predicted non-effect concentrations for five PAHs, bisphenol-A, and octylphenol. This study highlights the advantage of IEV analysis over conventional event mean concentration analysis for identifying critical effluent stages, crucial for developing control strategies to protect sensitive water recipients or for reuse applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Bioretention, Environmental risk analysis, First flush, Intra-event dynamics, Road runoff
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-108409 (URN)10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135200 (DOI)001269134900001 ()39003807 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85198307581 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20074Swedish Water, 16-166Vinnova, 2022-03092
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-07-25 (signyg);

Fulltext license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-07-25 Created: 2024-07-25 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
3. Occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in highway stormwater: a comparative field study in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in highway stormwater: a comparative field study in Sweden
2023 (English)In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 30, no 31, p. 77299-77317Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study details the occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in stormwater collected from a highway bridge catchment in Sweden. The prioritized OMPs were bisphenol-A (BPA), eight alkylphenols, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and four fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), along with other global parameters, namely, total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and conductivity (EC). A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was applied to estimate the event mean concentrations (EMC) of OMPs based on intra-event subsamples during eight rain events, and analyze the associated uncertainties. Assessing the occurrence of all OMPs in the catchment and comparing the EMC values with corresponding environmental quality standards (EQSs) revealed that BPA, octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), five carcinogenic and four non-carcinogenic PAHs, and C16-C40 fractions of PHCs can be problematic for freshwater. On the other hand, alkylphenol ethoxylates (OPnEO and NPnEO), six low molecule weight PAHs, and lighter fractions of PHCs (C10-C16) do not occur at levels that are expected to pose an environmental risk. Our data analysis revealed that turbidity has a strong correlation with PAHs, PHCs, and TSS; and TOC and EC highly associated with BPA concentrations. Furthermore, the EMC error analysis showed that high uncertainty in OMP data can influence the final interpretation of EMC values. As such, some of the challenges that were experienced in the presented research yielded suggestions for future monitoring programs to obtain more reliable data acquisition and analysis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
Keywords
Road runoff, Quality monitoring, Monte-Carlo simulation, Uncertainty analysis, Censored data, Correlated parameters
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-96463 (URN)10.1007/s11356-023-27623-9 (DOI)000999658600002 ()37253915 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85160668482 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016–20074Vinnova, 2016–05176
Note

Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-06-29 (sofila);

Available from: 2023-04-13 Created: 2023-04-13 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
4. Performance of a gross pollutant trap-biofilter and sand filter treatment train for the removal of organic micropollutants from highway stormwater (Field study)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance of a gross pollutant trap-biofilter and sand filter treatment train for the removal of organic micropollutants from highway stormwater (Field study)
2023 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 900, article id 165734Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This field study assessed the occurrence, event mean concentrations (EMCs), and removal of selected organic micro-pollutants (OMPs), namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), nonylphenol (NP), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA), in a gross pollutant trap (GPT)-biofilter/sand filter stormwater treatment train in Sundsvall, Sweden. The effects of design features of each treatment unit, including pre-sedimentation (GPT), sand filter medium, vegetation, and chalk amendment, were investigated by comparing the units' removal performances. Overall, the treatment train removed most OMPs from highway runoff effectively. The results showed that although the sand filter provided moderate (<50 % for phenolic substances) to high (50–80 % for PAHs and PHCs) removal of OMPs, adding a vegetated soil layer on top of the sand filter considerably improved the removal performance (by at least 30 %), especially for BPA, OP, and suspended solids. Moreover, GTP did not contribute to the treatment significantly. Uncertainties in the removal efficiencies of PAHs and PHCs by the filter cells increased substantially when the ratio of the influent concentration to the limit of quantification decreased. Thus, accounting for such uncertainties due to the low OMP concentrations should be considered when evaluating the removal performance of biofilters.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Road runoff, Bioretention, Retention soil filter, Vegetation, Censored data, Uncertainty analysis, Risk analysis
National Category
Water Engineering Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-96477 (URN)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165734 (DOI)001051910700001 ()37495141 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85166273222 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-20074Vinnova, 2016-05176
Note

Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-08-14 (joosat);

Licens fulltext: CC BY License

This article has previously appeared as a manuscript in a thesis.

Available from: 2023-04-20 Created: 2023-04-20 Last updated: 2025-01-22Bibliographically approved
5. Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Urban runoff, Bioretention, Biochar, Accumulation, Retention, PFAS
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE); Urban Water Engineering; Experimental Physics; Experimental Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111366 (URN)
Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-01-24

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7891011121310 of 15
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