Quantitative laser-based diagnostics like Raman spectroscopy are essential for studying high-temperature processes, but their application in intensely luminous and transient environments such as plasma torches is severely limited by overwhelming background emission. This study focuses on the quantitative thermometry of a 7 kW atmospheric air plasma jet, an environment where such measurements are notoriously difficult. To enable these measurements, a Polarization Lock-In Filtering (PLF) Raman technique is used to suppress the intense and fluctuating plasma background. The method successfully yields high-quality N2 ro-vibrational spectra along the jet’s central axis. Model-based fitting of these spectra produces a detailed axial temperature profile, showing a decay from over 3700 K near the nozzle. Furthermore, the high signal quality enabled the detection of singly ionized nitrogen (N2+) in the plasma core, providing direct evidence of its ionized state. These results represent the first application of PLF for thermometry in a plasma torch and provide critical experimental data for validating magnetohydrodynamic simulations.