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Co-Designing Energy Transition in Cultural Heritage Districts
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and the Built Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9853-9092
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The accelerating transition towards renewable energy presents an opportunity to create sustainable urban environments. Growing concerns about energy security and resilience are driving a shift towards decentralised, small-scale electricity generation closer to end users, particularly in urban areas. These end users can act as prosumers, a term that combines the roles of producers and consumers of renewable energy. In this context, advancements in photovoltaic systems, along with increasing electricity demand, underscore the potential of renewable energy to transform urban spaces sustainably.

In this thesis, it is investigated how small-scale photovoltaic systems can be sensitively and effectively integrated into cultural heritage districts. These environments face the dual challenge of meeting sustainability goals while safeguarding material and intangible heritage values. The study addresses two key research questions: (1) How can participatory design methods be created to address barriers and facilitators when prosumers, as key stakeholders, are included in the processes for urban energy transition within cultural heritage districts? And (2) what are the barriers and facilitators of urban energy transition in such contexts? 

The integrated framework conceptualises heritage districts as complex socio-technical systems in which diverse stakeholder values, institutional frameworks, and material constraints interact. The research explores how participatory processes can mediate between competing objectives, technological innovation, aesthetic coherence, and cultural continuity, while enabling equitable decision-making and contextually adapted design outcomes.

Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative abductive analysis research project centred on three case studies in Sweden: Porsön in Luleå, Öjeby Church Town in Piteå (both in Norrbotten), and Södertorg (the South City Square) in Visby, Gotland. These sites were selected for their solar potential, heritage contexts, and varying conditions. Across these cases, a series of participatory design workshops were conducted to engage potential prosumers, local authorities, heritage professionals, and energy experts in co-designing photovoltaic interventions. Through dialogue and design experimentation, the research tested and refined participatory methods for heritage contexts.

The results reveal that involving residents and local actors early in the design process enhances better social acceptance and contextual appropriateness. At the same time, expert input remains essential to ensure technical feasibility and aesthetic quality. Furthermore, energy transition can act as a catalyst for urban renewal, strengthening the attractiveness, accessibility, and sustainability.

The research contributes, both theoretically and practically, to the fields of sustainable urbanism, heritage conservation, and participatory design research. It establishes that a normative, value-driven participatory design approach, situated within a communicative and complex systemic perspective, can bridge the gap between conservation and innovation. 

The study shows that advanced participatory design in urban living labs facilitates the design processes. Future efforts could include qualitative assessments and quantitative analyses of energy performance to develop a guideline manual for decision-makers and planners. Finally, the thesis calls for revising existing policies, regulations, and heritage management instruments to support context-sensitive renewable energy integration.

Abstract [sv]

Omställningen till förnybar energi kan ge möjligheter att forma framtida hållbara städer. Ökade krav på energisäkerhet och resiliens driver en utveckling mot en decentraliserad och småskalig elproduktion närmare slutanvändare, särskilt i stadsmiljöer. Dessa slutanvändare kan agera som prosumenter, ett begrepp som kombinerar producenter och konsumenter av förnybar energi. I detta sammanhang utgör en ökad elanvändning samt den tekniska utvecklingen inom solcellssystem en betydande potential.

Denna avhandling utforskar hur deltagande design kan stödja aktörer i att gemensamt genomföra en varsam och ändamålsenlig integration av solcellssystem i kulturmiljöområden. Dessa miljöer står inför en dubbel utmaning: att uppfylla samtida krav på hållbarhet och livskvalitet samtidigt som materiella och immateriella kulturvärden bevaras. Forskningsproblemet behandlar hur energiomställningen kan förenas med en varsam och kontextuellt anpassad integrering av solceller i byggda miljöer, genom deltagande designprocesser som beaktar lokala värden, kulturhistoriska kvaliteter och intressenters perspektiv.

I studien utvecklas ett integrerat ramverk där kulturarvsdistrikt förstås som komplexa sociotekniska system, inom vilka olika aktörers värderingar, institutionella ramar och materiella förutsättningar samverkar dynamiskt. Mot denna bakgrund analyseras hur deltagande och kommunikativa processer kan mediera mellan delvis motstridiga mål såsom teknisk innovation, estetisk utformning och kulturell kontinuitet, samtidigt som demokratiska beslutsprocesser och kontextanpassade gestaltningslösningar möjliggörs.

Metodologiskt bygger studien på en abduktiv, kvalitativ forskningsansats med tre fallstudier: Porsön i Luleå, Öjebyns kyrkstad i Piteå (Norrbotten) samt Södertorg i Visby (Gotland). Dessa platser har valts utifrån deras höga solenergipotential, skilda kulturhistoriska sammanhang samt varierande sociala och institutionella förutsättningar. Inom ramen för respektive fall genomfördes en serie workshops i deltagande design där boende gemensamt utvecklade och prövade möjliga solcellsintegrationer. Separata workshops med kommunala företrädare, kulturmiljöexperter och energispecialister genomfördes också.  

Resultaten visar att tidig involvering av framtida prosumenter och lokala aktörer i en samskapande process stärker den sociala acceptansen och bidrar till mer kontextuellt förankrade lösningar. Samtidigt framträder betydelsen av expertkunskap för att säkerställa teknisk genomförbarhet och arkitektonisk kvalitet. Fallstudierna visar vidare att energiomställningsinitiativ kan fungera som katalysatorer för bredare stadsförnyelseprocesser genom att öka attraktionskraften, tillgängligheten och den långsiktiga hållbarheten i kulturarvdistrikt.

Avhandlingen bidrar såväl teoretiskt som praktiskt till forskningsfältet kulturarvsstudier. Den visar att en normativt grundad värdeorienterad deltagande- och samskapandeansats, förankrad i ett kommunikativt och komplexitetsteoretiskt perspektiv, kan överbrygga motsättningen mellan bevarande och innovation.

Baserat på studien rekommenderas en fortsatt utveckling av deltagande design inom ramen för urbana testbäddar. Ett förslag är att etablera en virtuell testbädd där olika scenarier för solcellsintegration kan simuleras, utvärderas och förfinas i samverkan med olika aktörsgrupper. Framtida forskning bör kombinera olika kvalitativa metoder för att studera gestaltningsmässiga och sociala effekter tillsammans med kvantitativa analyser av energiprestanda, med målet att utveckla en handbok med riktlinjer för beslutsfattare, planerare och prosumenter.

Avslutningsvis argumenterar avhandlingen för behovet av att vidareutveckla befintliga policyer, regelverk och kulturmiljöbevarande för att möjliggöra en kontextkänslig integrering av förnybar energi. Att skapa en sådan samordning mellan energiomställning och kulturmiljövård utgör inte enbart en teknisk utmaning, utan även ett normativt och etiskt åtagande för hållbara urbana framtider.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2026.
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords [en]
Cultural heritage districts, Energy transition, Participatory design, Prosumers, Sustainable urban planning, Stakeholder engagement, Barriers and facilitators
National Category
Architecture
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-117182ISBN: 978-91-8142-052-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8142-053-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-117182DiVA, id: diva2:2053768
Public defence
2026-06-05, C305, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-04-17 Created: 2026-04-17 Last updated: 2026-05-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Co-designing the urban energy transition: A resident-based approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Co-designing the urban energy transition: A resident-based approach
2025 (English)In: Cities, ISSN 0264-2751, E-ISSN 1873-6084, Vol. 156, article id 105506Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The high ambitions for renewable carbon technologies, increasing electricity demands and technological developments will likely open for more small-scale electricity production closer to end users in cities and urbanized areas. This paper seeks to understand how participatory design methods and the integration of renewable energy techniques like photovoltaics can contribute to more democratic, sustainable, and livable urban planning in the age of energy transition. Data was analysed through participatory design workshops in a suburban district in the north of Sweden, with residents living and working there, and with stakeholders from the municipality and the local energy company. The results of the resident design workshop indicate a significant reservoir of knowledge and creative ability among the participants. It emphasizes the importance of bringing people together to share their opinions and ideas for a more democratic planning in the built environment. The stakeholder workshop indicates that co-operations between multiple stakeholders and the development of participatory methods are essential for addressing the problematic issues associated with e.g., building regulations and community shared electricity. Fostering collaboration, and promoting inclusive decision-making, can lead to more effective and sustainable practices, better regulatory frameworks, and improved outcomes for communities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Participatory design, Small-scale renewable electricity, Photovoltaics (PV), Urban energy transition, Public acceptance, Prosumers
National Category
Energy Systems Energy Engineering Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Architecture; Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-110531 (URN)10.1016/j.cities.2024.105506 (DOI)001346610900001 ()2-s2.0-85207132048 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 46355-1
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-10-24 (sarsun);

Full text license: CC BY 

Available from: 2024-10-24 Created: 2024-10-24 Last updated: 2026-04-17Bibliographically approved
2. Participatory Design for Small-Scale PV Integration in Heritage Districts: The Case of Öjeby Church Town, Piteå, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Participatory Design for Small-Scale PV Integration in Heritage Districts: The Case of Öjeby Church Town, Piteå, Sweden
2025 (English)In: Land, E-ISSN 2073-445X, Vol. 14, no 9, article id 1862Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The integration of small-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems in heritage districts poses a significant challenge: balancing sustainability and energy transition goals while preserving cultural and historical values. This study addresses the problem that existing planning and regulatory frameworks often exclude residents’ perspectives, leading to solutions that are technically feasible but socially contested. The objective is to explore how residents, as potential prosumers, can be effectively integrated into decision-making processes for PV adoption in heritage districts. Focusing on Öjeby Church Town in Piteå, northern Sweden, we employed transdisciplinary participatory design methods, including stakeholder workshops, interviews, council meetings, and a tailored resident design workshop to capture both explicit and tacit knowledge. These design methods were combined with spatial analysis and visual assessment. The findings reveal that residents favour PV solutions that minimise visual impact on heritage buildings, preferring installations in green and grey infrastructure over direct building integration. The process also enhanced awareness, legitimacy, and agency among participants, while exposing regulatory gaps, ownership complexities, and aesthetic tensions. The study contributes a replicable participatory framework that integrates community values with technical and heritage expertise, offering a pathway toward value-sensitive energy transitions in protected cultural environments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2025
Keywords
participatory design, urban energy transition, cultural heritage districts, photovoltaics, prosumers
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-114736 (URN)10.3390/land14091862 (DOI)001581449600001 ()2-s2.0-105017245265 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2020-009177
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-09-17 (u8);

Full text license: CC BY

Available from: 2025-09-17 Created: 2025-09-17 Last updated: 2026-04-17Bibliographically approved

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7891011121310 of 21
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