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Design for Spacecraft Reuse: A Systems Perspective on Circularity in Space
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Humans and Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4608-9501
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Design för återanvändning av rymdfarkoster: Ett systemperspektiv på cirkularitet i rymden (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Declining launch costs and accelerating innovation cycles are strong drivers of the rapid expansion of the space industry. While this growth enables significant societal and economic benefits, it also exposes the limitations of current design practices in which spacecraft are primarily built for single use. Increasing environmental impact and the proliferation of orbital debris undermine the long-term sustainability of space operations. Although Circular Economy (CE) based practices for extending resource use offer a promising pathway for sustainable industrial design, their implementation in the space industry remains fragmented and lacks systemic coordination. Current efforts focus largely on reusable launch vehicles, while the development of reusable satellites remains limited.

To address this, the thesis develops Design-for-Spacecraft-Reuse (DfSR) as a design concept for enabling circularity in space and advances it from an initial concept toward practical application, with satellites as the primary context. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative, abductive approach grounded in systems thinking, socio-technical transition theory, and engineering design theory. The empirical foundation draws on expert interviews and case studies, complemented by literature-informed analysis that provides theoretical and contextual framing.

A central finding is that pathways for satellite reuse are conditioned by orbital context: different orbital regimes imply different reuse logics, each associated with distinct design and system-level requirements. The findings further show that a dominant focus on isolated technical solutions, such as reusable launch vehicles, contributes to fragmentation and limits the implementation of CE practices in the space industry. Across the findings, design emerges as the layer that integrates orbital context with system-level conditions, operationalized through DfSR.

The contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, it provides empirical insights into the factors driving fragmentation of CE practices in the space industry and their implications for coordinated implementation. Second, it offers a systems perspective on how conditions for circularity shape satellite reuse across different system levels. Third, it develops design support artifacts that operationalize DfSR for satellite reuse, including a conceptual framework that differentiates design requirements across orbital regimes, and a set of design considerations linking system-level conditions to early-stage satellite design decisions. Together, these contributions provide a foundation for embedding circularity and establishing reuse as a design principle in satellite development, thereby supporting the transition toward circularity in space, with transferable insights extending across the spacecraft category.

Abstract [sv]

Sjunkande kostnader för raketuppskjutningar och allt snabbare innovationscykler är starka drivkrafter bakom rymdindustrins snabba expansion. Samtidigt som denna utveckling möjliggör betydande samhällelig och ekonomisk nytta, synliggör den också begränsningarna i dagens designpraktik där rymdfarkoster i huvudsak konstrueras för engångsanvändning. Den ökande miljöbelastningen och spridningen av rymdskrot utgör ett hot mot den långsiktiga hållbarheten i rymdverksamhet. Principer för cirkulär ekonomi (CE), som syftar till att förlänga resursanvändningen, erbjuder en möjlig väg mot en mer hållbar industriell design. Tillämpningen av dessa principer inom rymdindustrin är dock fragmenterad och saknar systemisk samordning. Insatser har i stor utsträckning fokuserat på återanvändbara uppskjutningssystem, medan utvecklingen av återanvändbara satelliter fortfarande är begränsad.

För att adressera detta utvecklar avhandlingen Design-for-Spacecraft-Reuse (DfSR) som ett designkoncept för att möjliggöra cirkularitet i rymden, och vidareutvecklar det från en initial idé mot praktisk tillämpning, med satelliter som huvudsaklig kontext. Metodologiskt bygger studien på en kvalitativ och abduktiv ansats, grundad i systemtänkande, forskning om socio-tekniska omställningar och ingenjörsvetenskaplig designteori. Den empiriska grunden utgörs av expertintervjuer och fallstudier, kompletterade med litteraturbaserad analys som ger teoretisk och kontextuell inramning.

Ett centralt resultat är att möjligheterna till återanvändning av satelliter är beroende av omloppskontexten: olika omloppsbanor (orbitala regimer) medför olika logiker för återanvändning, vilka i sin tur innebär skilda krav på design och systemnivå. Resultaten visar vidare att ett dominerande fokus på isolerade tekniska lösningar, såsom återanvändbara uppskjutningssystem, bidrar till fragmentering och begränsar implementeringen av cirkulära ekonomiprinciper i rymdindustrin. Sammantaget framträder design som den nivå där omloppskontext och systemvillkor integreras, vilket operationaliseras genom DfSR.

Avhandlingen ger tre huvudsakliga bidrag. För det första bidrar den med empiriska insikter i de faktorer som driver fragmentering av cirkulära ekonomipraktiker inom rymdindustrin och deras konsekvenser för samordnad implementering. För det andra erbjuder den ett systemperspektiv på hur förutsättningar för cirkularitet påverkar återanvändning av satelliter över olika systemnivåer. För det tredje utvecklar den designstöd som operationaliserar DfSR för satellitåteranvändning, inklusive ett konceptuellt ramverk som differentierar designkrav mellan olika omloppsbanor samt en uppsättning designöverväganden som kopplar systemnivåförutsättningar till tidiga designbeslut. Sammantaget utgör dessa bidrag en grund för att integrera cirkularitet och etablera återanvändning som designprincip i satellitutveckling, och stödjer därigenom omställningen mot cirkularitet i rymden, med överförbara insikter som sträcker sig över olika typer av rymdfarkoster.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå, Sweden: Luleå University of Technology, 2026.
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords [en]
Satellite Reusability, Circular Space Economy, Circular Systems, Circular Design, Engineering Design, Design-for-Spacecraft-Reuse, Space Sustainability, Orbital Regimes, Operational Regimes, Industrial Transformation
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Product Innovation
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-117276ISBN: 978-91-8142-065-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8142-066-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-117276DiVA, id: diva2:2055897
Public defence
2026-06-17, C305, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Creaternity Aerospace LabAvailable from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-05-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Design for X: Enabling the reuse of Space Hardware?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design for X: Enabling the reuse of Space Hardware?
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the Design Society, ICED 2023, Cambridge University Press , 2023, Vol. 3, p. 1257-1266Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With a growing number of objects in space, the pressure to be sustainable and more efficient with resources is increasing. Driven by technological advancements, the reuse of space hardware becomes feasible and viable as alternative to spacecraft end-of-life disposal. Reuse of space hardware promises benefits in areas like mitigating space debris risks, cost reductions, and environmental sustainability on Earth and in space. However, challenges related to the space environment, like micro gravity, unknown changes due to radiation, and the energy requirements to perform maneuvers in space must be addressed in order to enable spacecraft reusability. Nonetheless, reuse of space hardware is an important objective related to long-term space exploration with implications on the human expansion into space. This paper investigates the requirements for reusability of spacecraft and if circular economy strategies can support implementing reusability for spacecraft. Based on the finding of expert interviews, it argues for design as a key enabler. It introduces design for X, design for circularity, and design for reusability, and explores how reusability of space hardware implies the need to include the space environment in design decisions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2023
Series
Proceedings of the Design Society, E-ISSN 2732-527X
Keywords
Circular economy, Design for X (DfX), Spacecraft Design, Spacecraft Reusability, Sustainability
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Product Innovation; Onboard Space Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-100645 (URN)10.1017/pds.2023.126 (DOI)2-s2.0-85165463903 (Scopus ID)
Conference
24th International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 2023, Bordeaux, France, July 24-28, 2023
Note

Licens fulltext: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Available from: 2023-08-17 Created: 2023-08-17 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
2. Guidance or Governance: Regulation as a Driver of Sustainability and Circular Innovation in Space Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Guidance or Governance: Regulation as a Driver of Sustainability and Circular Innovation in Space Systems
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Product Innovation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-117280 (URN)
Projects
Creaternity Aerospace LabSARC
Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
3. Circular Transformation Pathways: Managing Change and Fostering Innovation for a Circular Economy in Space
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Circular Transformation Pathways: Managing Change and Fostering Innovation for a Circular Economy in Space
2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Environmental Management Business Administration
Research subject
Product Innovation; Onboard Space Systems; Area of Future Importance - CREATERNITY
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111059 (URN)
Conference
Ascension - Advancing Space Access Capabilities-Reusability and Multiple Satellite Injection, Dresden, Germany, 12-14 June, 2023
Available from: 2024-12-13 Created: 2024-12-13 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
4. Integrating Operational Context and Circular Economy 10R-Strategies in Design-for-Spacecraft-Reuse
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integrating Operational Context and Circular Economy 10R-Strategies in Design-for-Spacecraft-Reuse
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Product Innovation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-117281 (URN)
Projects
Creaternity Aerospace LabSARCVinnova
Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-05-21Bibliographically approved
5. Designing Circular Systems: Rethinking Production, Manufacturing, and Policy for Sustainable Industrial Futures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Designing Circular Systems: Rethinking Production, Manufacturing, and Policy for Sustainable Industrial Futures
2026 (English)In: The 12th Swedish Production Symposium 24/03/2026 - 26/03/2026 Luleå, Sweden, Institute of Physics (IOP), 2026, article id 01204Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The transition from linear to circular material flows has become a priority across industries. However, Circular Economy (CE) transitions remain fragmented. Research and practice often emphasize isolated aspects such as business models or production processes, without considering systemic interactions that shape and determine long-term sustainability and profitability. This paper conducts a strategic scoping review to advance a system-level perspective on CE implementations. It proposes a novel Circular System (CS) framework that integrates circular production, manufacturing, and business-model literature into a multi-level conceptual framework for understanding system-level dependencies relevant to engineering implementations, especially related to CE. Drawing on socio-technical transition theory and engineering design the findings show how these domains overlap, reinforce, or conflict across the micro, meso, and macro levels. The CS framework clarifies the linkages between technological innovations, organizational change, financing, and policy that enable or hinder circular transformation. The analytical utility of the CS framework is demonstrated through a satellite reuse case, which reveals systemic lock-ins that prevent circularity in a high-tech industry. Findings highlight that circularity is most effective operationalized through coordinated design choices, industrial capabilities, financial incentives, and policy conditions across all system levels. Applied to satellite reusability, the framework identifies where circular strategies break down and highlights leverage points that can support sustainability and competitiveness, moving the CE beyond isolated practices toward an actionable pathway for industrial and societal transformation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2026
Series
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, ISSN 1757-899X ; 1342
Keywords
Circular Economy, Circular System, Spacecraft Reuse, Satellite Reuse, Industrial Transformation
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Research subject
Product Innovation; Space Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-117306 (URN)10.1088/1757-899X/1342/1/012024 (DOI)
Conference
12th Swedish Production Symposium (SPS2026), Luleå, Sweden, March 24-26, 2026
Note

Full text license: CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2026-05-04 Created: 2026-05-04 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved

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Weiss, Bernd Michael

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23456785 of 12
CiteExportLink to record
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