This paper presents a detailed, measurement-based assessment of interharmonic, harmonic, and supraharmonic emissions from a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) supporting electric vehicle (EV) fast charging. In contrast to prior literature, which is largely simulation-based and often neglects interharmonic and even harmonic components, this study provides real-world data under dynamic operating conditions. Emission limits are established in accordance with relevant international standards, with the observed deviations from standard practices highlighted in existing studies. The operation of the BESS-assisted fast-charging system is classified into five distinct operating stages, and the variations in spectral emissions across these stages are analyzed. A comparative evaluation with a grid-fed fast charger reveals the influence of BESS integration on power quality. Notably, the analysis shows a significant increase in even harmonics during EV charging events. This component is identified as the limiting factor in the network’s harmonic hosting capacity, underscoring the need to account for even harmonics in future grid compatibility assessments. These findings provide valuable insights for grid operators, EV infrastructure planners, and standardization bodies aiming to ensure compliance with power quality standards in evolving charging scenarios.

Measurements of the frequency-dependent network impedance in the frequency range 20-150 kHz have been carried out on points of common coupling in residential areas, office buildings, street cabinets, transformers, individual residence metering cabinets, and the Per Högström laboratory in Luleå University, located in the North of Sweden. The results of the measurements are presented. A method for representing the network impedance in the form of a finite number of lumped R-L C elements is proposed in this paper, based on measurements. Based on the measurements and lumped parameters, the emission limits in the frequency range 20-150 kHz have been identified and presented in this paper. In the absence of measurements, a method for identifying emission limits based on the extended IEC 61000 4-7 reference impedance using Monte Carlo analysis has been presented. As EV charging assumes prevalence in terms of loads on the grid, a comparative analysis of the change in grid impedance with the introduction of EVs on the grid is presented.

The growing penetration of power-electronic loads such as EVs in low-voltage networks motivates accurate models for harmonic and supraharmonic impact assessment. This paper proposes a parameterized framework for EV front-end converters in which a detailed Simulink switching model is used to identify the frequency coupling matrix (FCM) and the resulting frequency-dependent admittance. Based on a focused literature review, the FCM approach is adopted to capture cross-frequency, cross-sequence, and cross-phase interactions. The framework is applicable to both two-level VSC and three-level Vienna-type converters and their control strategies, enabling scalable frequency-domain propagation studies. A charging-hub case study demonstrates integration of the identified admittances into a network model, where disturbance propagation is quantified via controlled current injection and evaluation of the resulting nodal voltage spectra.

The paper contains a set of observations on the fast charging of electric vehicles (EV’s) on Swedish low voltage networks in rural/commercial and urban areas. The emphasis of the study has been to analyze the impact of EV charging on the electric grid and particularly on the observed waveform distortion. The paper focuses on the observation of harmonics on the grid and the variation in the observed harmonics with time as the charging current increases from a small value associated with limiting the inrush current, to the value required by the EV’s for the fast charging of the battery pack. Observations from a bus charging station at Gothenburg are also discussed.

This paper presents an evaluation of waveform distortion resulting from the charging of five different electric vehicles (EVs) on a low-voltage distribution network with variable cable impedance, achieved by adjusting cable lengths. The influence of cable impedance on harmonic, interharmonic, and supraharmonic emission is modeled and analyzed. Additionally, the role of background supraharmonic distortion is investigated to identify potential contributing sources. Based on detailed measurements, insights into the modeling of EV-induced waveform distortion are derived and discussed. 

The computation of the harmonic hosting capacity requires proper vector summation of the charging currents at the PCC and prior knowledge of the driving point/loop impedance of the network. This paper shows the harmonic magnitude reduction effect introduced by the addition of a new EV on the network while an existing EV is charging. The supraharmonic components are limited to the circuit between the EVs, while only lower-order harmonic components propagate toward the PCC. The impact of single-phase and three-phase charging on the network is discussed. The paper also discusses the reduction in the computed harmonic hosting capacity if the summation law as per IEC 61000-3-6 is used.