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Design and resource use characterization of Swedish air-cooled data center-to-greenhouse symbioses
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. Data Center Systems, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Luleå, 973 47, Sweden.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4532-4530
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7381-9154
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4473-0016
2026 (English)In: Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, E-ISSN 2214-157X, Vol. 84, article id 108309Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper evaluates how the design and resource use of an air-cooled data center-to-greenhouse energy symbiosis, operating in Swedish conditions, is affected by the desired microclimate criteria within the facilities. The necessary data center power, electricity use, heat reuse, water use, and air changes were evaluated by using analytical solutions and constrained, nonlinear optimization modeling of the heat and mass transfers in MATLAB. An analytical design expression is presented, which returns the minimum data center power per unit greenhouse area, as well as a fitted model to predict the energy reuse. By evaluating multiple design/operation cases for four locations in Sweden, the design data center power per unit greenhouse area was estimated as 0.40-10 kW·m−2, with an energy reuse factor index of 0.02-0.13 and a water use effectiveness of 5·10−5-0.22 L·kWh−1. Warmer climates together with proper microclimate matches (both in terms of temperature and specific humidity between the facilities) required substantially smaller data centers and produced significantly higher energy reuse factors. Poor matches between the data center and greenhouse microclimates could increase the greenhouse heat demand by over 1000 kWh·m−2·year−1 due to excessive need for humidification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026. Vol. 84, article id 108309
Keywords [en]
Data center, Design, Greenhouse, Resource efficiency, Symbiosis
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-119545DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2026.108309ISI: 001818642600001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-119545DiVA, id: diva2:2096079
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Note

Full text license: CC BY 4.0;

Funder: Green Transition North-smart energysystems-project (GTN-SE) (no.20359797)

Available from: 2026-08-28 Created: 2026-08-28 Last updated: 2026-08-28Bibliographically approved

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Alenius, ChristofferToffolo, AndreaVesterlund, MattiasRisberg, Mikael

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