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A human-in-the-loop label error detection framework applied to Arabic-script HTR datasets
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7924-4953
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2039-3844
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0546-116X
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4029-6574
2027 (English)In: Pattern Recognition, ISSN 0031-3203, E-ISSN 1873-5142, Vol. 181, article id 114621Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite recent advances, Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) for Arabic-script languages still lags behind Latin-script HTR. Part of the problem is dataset quality. To help closing this gap, we propose a two-stage framework (CER-HV) for detecting label errors. Stage 1 (CER) is a Character-Error-Rate-based noise detector built on a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) architecture. Stage 2 (HV) is the Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) Verification of noisy samples detected by the first stage. Applying the CER-HV framework on multiple Arabic-script datasets can identify samples with label errors including transcription, segmentation, orientation, and non-text content errors that can markedly affect HTR performance. These errors were identified by the first stage of the framework with up to 90% (top-50) precision.We also show that our CRNN achieves state-of-the-art performance across five of the six evaluated datasets, reaching 8.46% Character Error Rate (CER) on KHATT (Arabic), 8.22% on PHTI (Pashto), 10.59% on Ajami, and 10.11% on Muharaf (Arabic), all without any data cleaning. We establish a new baseline of 11.3% CER on the PHTD (Persian) dataset. Applying CER-HV improves evaluation CER by up to 1.8 percentage points after dataset cleaning and retraining. Although our experiments focus on documents written in an Arabic-script language, the framework is general and can be applied to other text recognition datasets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd , 2027. Vol. 181, article id 114621
Keywords [en]
Handwritten text recognition, Label error detection, CRNN, Pashto, Urdu, Persian, Ajami
National Category
Computer Sciences Natural Language Processing
Research subject
Machine Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-119619DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2026.114621ISI: 001856887300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105048023861OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-119619DiVA, id: diva2:2097842
Projects
MARTINA (20367152)
Funder
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Note

Fulltext license: CC BY

Available from: 2026-09-02 Created: 2026-09-02 Last updated: 2026-09-02Bibliographically approved

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Al-azzawi, Sana SabahBarney, ElisaKovács, GyörgyLiwicki, Marcus

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4647484950515249 of 137
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