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Mineral chemistry constraints on a hybrid magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid origin for the Mundonguara Cu–Au deposit, Manica Greenstone Belt, Mozambique
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-0652-1100
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0935-3430
Eduardo Mondlane University.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3881-7249
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Ore Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-114367OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-114367DiVA, id: diva2:1990440
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation AgencyAvailable from: 2025-08-20 Created: 2025-08-20 Last updated: 2025-10-21
In thesis
1. Geology, magmatic evolution, and Cu-Au sulfide genesis of the Mundonguara deposit, Manica Greenstone Belt, Mozambique
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Geology, magmatic evolution, and Cu-Au sulfide genesis of the Mundonguara deposit, Manica Greenstone Belt, Mozambique
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis presents an integrated geological study of the Mundonguara Cu-Au deposit, located within the Archean Manica Greenstone Belt of western Mozambique, which forms part of the eastern Zimbabwe Craton. The research combines petrography, lithogeochemistry, U-Pb geochronology, mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and stable isotope analysis (S, C, and Oisotopes) to develop a comprehensive genetic model and contribute to the understanding of metallogenic processes in Archean greenstone terranes.

Fieldwork and geochemical analyses reveal that the Macequece Formation, which hosts the Mundonguara Cu-Au deposit, comprises Al-undepleted peridotitic komatiites, pyroxenitic komatiites, ultramafic cumulates, and intrusive mafic to felsic rocks. These units show evidence of a mantle plume origin and were emplaced in a continental rift setting. U-Pb zircon ages from intrusive and extrusive units constrain the timing of a major magmatic event to 2.94-2.91 Ga, placing the Macequece Formation within the Lower Greenstones of the Bulawayan Supergroup. A major unconformity separates it from the overlying M'Beza-Vengo Formation, recording a temporal gap of ca. 170 Ma and indicating a craton-wide tectonic transition. Additional Neoproterozoic ages (578-846 Ma) reveal overprinting by later tectono-thermal events, including those associated with the Rodinia breakup and the Pan-African orogeny.

Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides (δ³⁴S: -0.40‰ to +4.02‰) support a dominantly magmatic source, with minor crustal input. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in gangue carbonates (δ¹³C: -9.61‰ to -4.32‰; δ¹⁸O: +4.93‰ to +13.05‰) define multiple stages of fluid-rock interaction, from early carbonate alteration of komatiites to later Cu-Au mineralization. These isotope signatures reflect the involvement of hybrid fluids of predominantly magmatic-hydrothermal character and with minor crustal contributions.

Mineral chemistry data further support this model. Chalcopyrite trace element patterns are consistent with medium-temperature hydrothermal systems (e.g., IOCG, skarn), while Ni enrichment indicates interaction with komatiitic host rocks. Pyrite compositions define two groups with contrasting Co/Ni ratio, pointing to mixing between magmatic and metamorphic fluid sources. Sphalerite Fe content yields ore formation temperatures between 280 and 335 °C, consistent with low- to medium-temperature hydrothermal systems and overlapping withorogenic gold deposits.

Altogether, the data supports a hybrid genetic model for the Mundonguara deposit, involving dominantly magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, minor metamorphic contributions, and metal input from both mantle-derived and local ultramafic rocks. The system differs from classical IOCG-and orogenic gold deposits and is best interpreted as an orogenic gold deposit with atypical metal association hosted in komatiitic rocks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2025
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Ore Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-114370 (URN)978-91-8048-875-4 (ISBN)978-91-8048-876-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-30, C305, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Available from: 2025-08-20 Created: 2025-08-20 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved

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Mendes, Laura NilzaMartinsson, OlofAzim Zadeh, AmirWanhainen, Christina

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