This article describes the architecture and service enablers developed in the NIMO project. Furthermore, it identifies future challenges and knowledge gaps in upcoming ICT service development for public sector units empowering citizens with enhanced tools for interaction and participation. We foresee crowdsourced applications where citizens contribute with dynamic, timely and geographically spread gathered information.

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the sixth Demonstration Session at the IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN) 2014. We were looking for demonstrations for all topics covered by the main conference as well as all the workshops held in conjunction with the conference. The technical demonstrations were strongly encouraged to show innovative and original research. The main purpose of the demo session is to provide demonstrations that validate important research issues and/or show innovative prototypes.

Recent advancements in the fields of sensor equipment and wireless sensor networks have opened the window of opportunity for many innovative applications. In this paper, we propose a new architecture for building decision support systems using heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The architecture is built around standard hardware and existing wireless sensor networks technology. We show the effectiveness of the proposed architecture by applying it to a flood prediction scenario.

Smart risk assessment systems are becoming more and more important in the society. If the chances of reducing and managing certain risks are increased, the impacts can be controlled and reduced significantly. This article surveys different belief-rule-based decision support systems and various wireless sensor network technologies that can be used in collaboration to build interesting risk assessment applications. We propose a model for building such an environment and describe a potential application of our proposed model for assessing flood risks in a case study.

Capability approach is hard to operationalize and capabilities are sometimes difficult to reduce into the individual level. We describe our approach to solve these problems paired with an adequate ICT infrastructure and believe that the impact of concrete eGovernment services will become more visible and available. Citizens can inspect it, professionals can target their re-engineering on failure cases, learn from best cases, and researchers can compare different types of eGovernment. The solving of operationalisation will also strengthen the capability approach, by extending its scope from macro theory towards more easy application on the institutional and organizational levels.

Conventional cellular networks are likely to get disturbed easily when a natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami, flooding, etc.) hits an area because of their centralized control and high-power requirements. To address this issue, we propose a new mobile network architecture having distributed controls and ad-hoc configurations. This architecture exploits the locally available resources such as frequency spectrum and lively nodes to reconfigure the network and provide emergency services. We present its design and use cases.

QUEENS (Dynamic Quality User Experience ENabling Mobile Multimedia Services) aims at exploiting and leveraging on the benefits and flexibility provided by a novel dynamic real-time QoE provisioning framework in order to assess and establish a new era of user-centric mobile multimedia applications. To achieve that, QUEENS utilizes and builds on the TEFIS infrastructure (EC ICT FIRE initiative) that provides a unique integrated platform for supporting efficient Future Internet service experiment and development involving different actors and heterogeneous testbeds. The TEFIS tools and facilities for designing, planning and executing QUEENS experiment, along with a QoE-aware mobile multimedia application prototype will be demonstrated, forming the trends of future internet services and experimental procedures

Around the world, there is an ongoing shift from en economy focusing on product development to an economy with focus on digital service development. An ongoing initiative in Europe to support this shift is the Internet of Services (IoS) which strives for a situation where everything that is needed to use a software is available as a service. The aim of this paper is to present a toolkit that non-programmers can use develop their own innovative mobile services. This environment strives to put forth a situation where technologies are made available as components that easily can be composed into a mobile services by just about anyone. This has tremendous impact on the feasibility of citizen-centric services where citizens create apps based on their current needs in their contemporary situation.

Living Labs is a rather new research area and phenomena that introduces new ways of managing innovation processes. The underlying idea is that people's ideas, experiences, and knowledge, as well as their daily needs of support from products, services, or applications, should be the starting point in innovation. This paper illuminates experiences and accumulated knowledge to the area of concept design in an innovation process within a Living Lab. FormIT, a methodology developed for innovation processes within Living Labs is introduced through an illustration of how it has been utilised in a case. The experiences and the method are related to characteristics of Living Labs, and the paper closes with some concluding remarks in relation to concept design in a Living Lab.

We present a new approach that shifts the leverage point of information systems development from problem orientation to opportunity development. Our approach, entitled FormIT, employs a careful focus on enhanced user involvement, concentrating on users as human beings, and attention to users’ needs as opposed to system requirements. As theoretical and methodological foundations, we build on the 4-D cycle model of Appreciative Inquiry and current research on needfinding. Our field experience demonstrates that FormIT shifts the systems development process from being reactive to being proactive, and in turn, enables a smoother implementation of inevitable change, particularly radical change. Moreover, FormIT stimulates the generation of rich local knowledge and helps reveal deep insights into the development process and the overall organization.

The increasing digitalization of our daily lives is gaining a new momentum recently in what is called the post- desktop era of computing. This wide spread in digitalization is made possible by the introduction of handy devices specifically of mobile phones, laptop computers, smartphones, and tablets. This new trend in shaping up technological advancement presents new opportunities for mobile information presentation, processing, and synthesis in different spheres of application such as providing industrial field services engineering support. Industrial field service engineers execute sets of work orders on daily basis plans. These work order executions demand the availability of digital information anywhere anytime to process them faster. This paper presents a scenario where the newly emerging Smartphone features such as augmented reality, audio/video processing, and near field communication sensing can be used to develop a prototype that supports industrial field service engineers in the contemporary field service engineering taskforces. It employs real world use-cases and carrying out quantitative prototype usability test analysis.

With the constant advance in technology, distant teaching becomes ever closer to the face to face experience. This paper describes TEFPOL, an initiative by Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center (PSNC) to combine HD videoconferencing, 3D virtual models and motion tracking in an effort to obtain a new quality in the field of remote teaching. Through merging those technologies an impression of augmented reality can be achieved. The project’s outcome will be a prototype which will undergo trials in four testbeds utilized via the TEFIS common accesspoint in order to test and improve the solution’s code quality, compatibility with standards, performance and usability.

Current work in the IETF aims at providing service differentiation on the Internet. One proposal is to provide loss differentiation by assigning levels of drop procedence to IP packets. In this paper, we evaluate the active queue management (AQM) mechanisms RED In and Out (RIO) and Weighted RED (WRED) in providing levels of drop precedence under different loads. For low drop precedence traffic, FIO and WRED can be configured to offer sheltering (i.e., low drop precedence traffic is protected from losses caused by higher drop precedence traffic). However, if traffic control fails or is inaccurate, such configurations can cause starvation of traffic at high drop precedence levels. Configuring WRED to instead offer relative differentiation can eliminate the risk of starvation. However, WRED cannot, without reconfiguration, both offer sheltering when low drop precedence traffic is properly controlled and avoid starvation at overload of low drop precedence traffic. To achieve this, we propose a new AQM mechanism, WRED with Thresholds (WRT). The benefit of WRT is that, without reconfiguration, it offers sheltering when low drop precedence traffic is properly controlled and relative differentiation otherwise. We present simulations showing that WRT has these properties.

In this paper, we propose a solution to eliminate a popular type of Denial of Service (DoS) attack, which is a DoS amplification attack. Note that a DoS is a subset of of DDoS. Our solution protects servers running any number of TCP services. This paper is focused on the most popular type of DoS amplification attack, which uses the UDP protocol. Via DoS UDP amplification attacks, an attacker can send a 1 Gbps traffic stream to reflectors. The reflectors will then send up 556 times that amount (amplified traffic) to the victim’s server. So just ten PCs, each sending 10Mbps, can send 55 Gbps indirectly, via reflectors, to a victim’s server. Very few ISP customers have 55 Gpbs provisioned. Expensive and complex solutions exist. However our elimination techniques can be implemented very quickly, easily and at an extremely low cost.

Layer 3, 4 and 7 DDoS attacks are common and very difficult to defend against. The academic community has published hundreds of well thought out algorithms, which require changes in computer networking equipment, to better detect and mitigate these attacks. The problem with these solutions, is that they require computer networking manufacturers to make changes to their hardware and/or software. On the other hand, with our solution, absolutely no hardware or software changes are required. We only require the use of BGP4 Flow-Spec, which has already been widely deployed many years ago. Further the customers’ own ISP does not require Flow-Spec. Our algorithm protects groups of over sixty-five thousand different customers, via the aggregation into one very small Flow-Spec rule. In this paper, we propose our novel, low cost and efficient solution, to both detect and greatly mitigate any and all types of L347 DDoS Web attacks.

Our research problem is that there are a large number of successful network reflection DDoS attacks. Via a UDP Reflection Attack, an attacker can send just 1 Gb/s of payload to innocent servers, and it is these servers which then can send over 4,600 times the payload to the victim! There are very expensive and complex solutions in use today, however most all of these on premise solutions can be easily circumvented. The academic community has not adequately addressed this research problem. We have created a new Internet services network security surface attack mitigation methodology. Our novel design patterns will help organizations improve the price/performance of their anti-network reflection solution by 100 times, as compared to common on premise solutions. Our analysis and results confirm that our solution is viable. Our novel solution is based on stateless IP packet header filtering firewalls (which can be implemented mostly in hardware due to their simplicity). We have reduced and in some cases eliminated the need for researchers to even try and find new ways to filter the same traffic via more complex, software driven stateful solutions.

Interaction Object Graphs(IOGs) are a graphical specification method based on an extended state machine. Their goal is to provide an understandable representation of man-machine dialogues. (Wasserman 85) used finite state machines to specify dialogues. However, state diagrams have severe problems when used to specify more complex dialogues. The number of states and transitions required grows uncontrollably as common interaction techniques such as modal dialogue boxes are introduced. Direct manipulation interfaces also introduce the possibility that the user will interleave tasks. While easily modelled by parallel processes, task interleaving is very difficult to describe with a finite state machine. Some form of extended state machine is required to handle direct manipulation interfaces. A number of methods have been tried. (Jacob 86) used an extended state machine which grouped states into meta-states and allowed transitions from a meta-state. Parallelism was handled implicitly by the execution environment. (Wellner 89) adapted Harel’s Statecharts (Harel 88) for use in dialogue specification. Statecharts include explicit parallelism and a history-based meta-state restart. (Palanque & Bastide 94) used Petri nets as their extended state machine.

Personal data have become merchandisable asset encouraging stakeholders to collect and trade them without end-user's awareness and acceptance. Although EU is adapting the legal framework, the extent of applications most of which are developed from outside the EU jurisdiction, strongly limit the possibility to effectively impose a privacy-protection framework globally. The Privacy Rag project researches and combines the potential of crowds ourcing, ICT technologies and legal expertise for enabling citizens monitoring and controlling their privacy1.

This paper aims to provide the details of the approach adopted in the development of a cognitive prosthetic aimed to help address the unmet needs of people with mild dementia. The approach adopted is based on a waterfall style approach consisting of a series of three phases each of which contributes to the progression and improvement of a cognitive prosthetic-based solution. Within each phase, distinct stages of design, development and evaluation of the cognitive solution are conducted. The current paper discusses the distinct stages conducted in the first phase of the project which resulted in the design and development of a user driven solution based on the needs of 17 patient/carer dyads across three trial sites.

Today, new ways of constructing and delivering complex wireless and mobile services require more elaborate and distributed prototyping, testing, and validation facilities. Testbeds are becoming an important tool for integrating technology components into the complex environment of the wireless world and end-users in their daily life. However technology in itself is no longer valid-benefits and usefulness for people in their daily life must be proven before the technology or service can be said to be a success.

Living Labs is a user-centred real-life approach to wireless and mobility service and technology design and development (as well as other service areas). The user-centred approach places special emphasis on the need to develop mobile services that are usable, i.e. effective, efficient and satisfying to use, and has full end user integration in the creation and validation processes, which is necessary for gauging market acceptance of the developed prototypes and solutions.

For some time, the networking community has assumed that it is impossible to do IP routing lookups in software fast enough to support gigabit speeds. IP routing lookups must find the routing entry with the longest matching prefix, a task that has been thought to require hardware support at lookup frequencies of millions per second.We present a forwarding table data structure designed for quick routing lookups. Forwarding tables are small enough to fit in the cache of a conventional general purpose processor. With the table in cache, a 200 MHz Pentium Pro or a 333 MHz Alpha 21164 can perform a few million lookups per second. This means that it is feasible to do a full routing lookup for each IP packet at gigabit speeds without special hardware.The forwarding tables are very small, a large routing table with 40,000 routing entries can be compacted to a forwarding table of 150-160 Kbytes. A lookup typically requires less than 100 instructions on an Alpha, using eight memory references accessing a total of 14 bytes.

Wireless is becoming a popular way to connect mobile computers to the Internet and other networks. The bandwidth of wireless links will probably always be limited due to properties of the physical medium and regulatory limits on the use of frequencies for radio communication. Therefore, it is necessary for network protocols to utilize the available bandwidth efficiently. Headers of IP packets are growing and the bandwidth required for transmitting headers is increasing. With the coming of IPv6 the address size increases from 4 to 16 bytes and the basic IP header increases from 20 to 40 bytes. Moreover, most mobility schemes tunnel packets addressed to mobile hosts by adding an extra IP header or extra routing information, typically increasing the size of TCP/IPv4 headers to 60 bytes and TCP/IPv6 headers to 100 bytes. In this paper, we provide new header compression schemes for UDP/IP and TCP/IP protocols. We show how to reduce the size of UDP/IP headers by an order of magnitude, down to four to five bytes. Our method works over simplex links, lossy links, multi-access links, and supports multicast communication. We also show how to generalize the most commonly used method for header compression for TCP/IPv4, developed by Jacobson, to IPv6 and multiple IP headers. The resulting scheme unfortunately reduces TCP throughput over lossy links due to unfavorable interaction with TCP's congestion control mechanisms. However, by adding two simple mechanisms the potential gain from header compression can be realized over lossy wireless networks as well as point-to-point modem links.

Wireless is becoming a popular way to connect mobile computers to the Internet and other networks. The bandwidth of wireless links will probably always be limited due to properties of the physical medium and regulatory limits on the use of frequencies for radio communication. Therefore, it is necessary for network protocols to utilize the available bandwidth efficiently. Headers of IP packets are growing and the bandwidth required for transmitting headers is increasing. With the coming of IPv6 the address size increases from 4 to 16 bytes and the basic IP header increases from 20 to 40 bytes. Moreover, most mobility schemes tunnel packets addressed to mobile hosts by adding an extra IP header or extra routing information, typically increasing the size of TCP/IPv4 headers to 60 bytes and TCP/IPv6 headers to 100 bytes. In this paper, we provide new header compression schemes for UDP/IP and TCP/IP protocols. We show how to reduce the size of UDP/IP headers by an order of magnitude, down t...

We describe some of the issues in the design of a new packet switched network protocol. Adaptation to various network technologies along the dimensions of speed, error model, robustness, etc., is a goal for this new protocol. We look at the adaption in size of the packet header to the speed and robustness of the underlying network to allow efficient communication on low-speed wireless networks, for example. We also explore issues in resource reservation and multicast for real-time multimedia, the notion of a network "flow", a hybrid of datagrams and virtual circuits, and suggest common solutions for both mobile and multicast routing. The authors are engaged in the design of a network protocol, NP++, whose goal is flexibility over a wide dynamic range of speeds and varying kinds of hardware switching elements.

Cities nowadays face complex challenges to meet objectives regarding socio-economic development and quality of life. The concept of “smart cities” is a response to these challenges. This paper explores “smart cities” as environments of open and user-driven innovation for experimenting and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Based on an analysis of the current landscape of smart city pilot programmes, Future Internet experimentally-driven research and projects in the domain of Living Labs, common resources regarding research and innovation can be identified that can be shared in open innovation environments. Effectively sharing these common resources for the purpose of establishing urban and regional innovation ecosystems requires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders.

One result of the 4 year World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) was the formation of the multistakeholder Internet Governance Forum (IGF). This forum is a radically new form of organization for the UN as it allows for participation by the various stakeholders of the Internet, as opposed to being restricted to government representatives. Internet governance is a relatively new area of discourse that is becoming a hot issue of international dialogue. This paper briefly discusses the origins of the debate and the meaning of Internet Governance as well as outlining some of the ongoing activities in this area. The paper also discusses some ways in which the reader can get involved in the debate and why they may want to.

The ability to be creative and innovative in a society influenced by stress, lack of time, and other factors, harnessing the technology available in today's knowledge society is key towards increasing the overall productivity of a future European society. Whilst technology enables new value-chains, product and service development increasingly need to focus on true user needs in order to be successful in today's increasingly global and competitive market. New R&D and innovation methodologies need to be developed to meet the challenge of addressing those needs. This paper examines the need for involving the user and other stakeholder organisations into the innovation process, analyses the key issues regarding regional innovation, and presents a basic concept of Living Labs as a multi-contextual R&D methodology addressing those issues. The proposed Living Labs methodology contributes to the coming challenges of mass-deployment of ICT solutions as a mean to further develop the society involving the citizens. It brings the users/consumers/citizens into the system of innovation, thereby leveraging on a larger mass of ideas, knowledge and experiences etc and substantially boosting the innovation capability.

There is a growing interest in Living Labs for innovation and development in the field of information and communication technology. In particular there seem to be a tendency that current Living Labs aim to involve users for co-creative purposes. However, the current literature on Living Lab co-creation is severely limited. Therefore an Interact workshop is arranged as a first step towards a manifesto for Living Lab co-creation.

Broadband Access Services In Converging NETworks

In this paper we present a case study of a location-dependent service, aimed for tourists. Two applications are developed, one based on native technologies, the other on HTML5 and related frameworks. We provide implementation details and compare the different solutions in terms of location support, compliance with required features, and cross-platform functionality. Our experiments show that web-based approaches may lead to significant benefits over using native technologies; both versions of the application displayed comparable location support and compliance with required features, while the web version superseded its native counterpart in cross-platform functionality.

The IoT European Large-Scale Pilots Programme includes the innovation consortia that are collaborating to foster the deployment of IoT solutions in Europe through the integration of advanced IoT technologies across the value chain, demonstration of multiple IoT applications at scale and in a usage context, and as close as possible to operational conditions.

The programme projects are targeted, goal-driven initiatives that propose IoT approaches to specific real-life industrial/societal challenges. They are autonomous entities that involve stakeholders from the supply side to the demand side, and contain all the technological and innovation elements, the tasks related to the use, application and deployment as well as the development, testing and integration activities.

This chapter describes the IoT Large Scale Pilot Programme initiative together with all involved actors. These actors include the coordination and support actions CREATE-IoT and U4IoT, being them drivers of the programme, and all five IoT Large-Scale Pilot projects, namely ACTIVAGE, IoF2020, MONICA, SynchroniCity and AUTOPILOT.

ot projects, namely ACTIVAGE,IoF2020, MONICA, SynchroniCity and AUTOPILOT.

Från ansökan: "Projektet skall via användarmedverkan, med skolungdomar och lärare på Tunaskolan i Luleå, kombinerat med smart IT och design av nya innovativa sätt för visualisering utveckla nya metoder för att minska energiförbrukningen. Projektet bygger vidare på resultat och samarbeten med både nationella och internationella EU projekt inom området energibesparing med fokus på användarmedverkan.Vi vill tillsammans med skolungdomar, morgondagens beslutsfattare, och via deras "normala" kommunikationsvägar (Internet, Web 2.0, Facebook etc) sprida och engagera om energi och miljö. Genom att bygga demonstratorer vill vi lära oss hur och vad man bör fokusera på för att både spara energi men även bidra till en större medvetenhet för områdena. Vi vet att ungdomar idag mycket snabbare sprider "god" information och huvudfokus för projektet är att tillsammans med ungdomarna förstå vad och på vilket sätt energiutnyttjandet skall visualiseras för att "nå ut" och spridas.Vårt mål är att engagera skolan, elever, lärare och besökare, till att bidra med idéer för hur man kan spara energi och värna om miljön. Tillsammans med projektdeltagarna kommer nya Internet-baserade applikationer attutvecklas för visualisering av i realtid uppmätt energiutnyttjande. Tillvägagångssättet kommer vara baserat på att genom korta och snabba iterationer sätta nya versioner av de utvecklade applikationerna "i händerna" påungdomarna som varit med och designat själva hur applikationerna ska se ut för att presentera energiförbrukning på ett enkelt sätt.Vi avser också att via medverkande företag, baserat på resultat i projektet, utveckla nya affärer och vi kommer kontinuerligt under projektet att sprida information om framsteg via Internet, konferenser samt andra samarbetsprojekt.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a regional crisis competence centre in Sweden. The overall research approach utilizes action research methodology to support the development process. The overall development process is divided into three steps; early need finding, the organizational platform, and business development. This paper is devoted to the first phase - early need finding - which deals with the specific needs and demand of four municipality organizations and how these requirements can be converged into a organizational setting that correspond to national crisis management strategies as well as regional responsibilities in crisis management. The research approach is action based and the theoretical considerations to support progress in development activities are from the Actor Network Theory (ANT). The main conclusion from the research is that the formation of a crisis competence centre revolves around sharing competences, and compromising between internal and external objectives in the progress towards a common goal.

Smart cities have been recently pointed out by M2M experts as an emerging market with enormous potential, which is expected to drive the digital economy forward in the coming years. However, most of the current city and urban developments are based on vertical ICT solutions leading to an unsustainable sea of systems and market islands. In this work we discuss how the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI), and its particular components, Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Services (IoS), can become building blocks to progress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City into an open innovation platform. Moreover, we present some results of generic implementations based on the ITU-T’s Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) model. The referenced platform model fulfills basic principles of open, federated and trusted platforms (FOTs) at two different levels: the infrastructure level (IoT to support the complexity of heterogeneous sensors deployed in urban spaces), and at the service level (IoS as a suit of open and standardized enablers to facilitate the composition of interoperable smart city services). We also discuss the need of infrastructures at the European level for a realistic large-scale experimentally-driven research, and present main principles of the unique-in-the-world experimental test facility under development within the SmartSantander EU project.

In this demo paper we present ”The Time Machine”, a web-based app prototype, running in a web browser. The prototype uses the WebRTC API getUserMedia to gain access to the device camera. With access to the device camera, it is possible to implement an augmented reality view where the user can point the device at a location and access multimedia information of the past, the present, and even the future. The purpose of this paper is to stretch the mindset on what the web browser in a mobile device can be used for.